A REVIEW OF GENUS CROCUS: PHENOLIC, NUTRIENT, MINERAL, ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENTS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plants are a rich natural resource that serve many uses for people. Humans have long relied on plants for a wide range of needs, including sustenance, housing, and health care. People have been looking to nature for medical solutions since ancient times. He accomplished this by experimenting with and repurposing various organic materials. Plants are the most often utilized of these natural resources. Because of the potential for adverse reactions to synthetic medications, there has been a shift in recent years toward a greater reliance on natural goods. As such, it is crucial to learn which plants are active in certain biological processes. Our research focused on the phenolic, mineral, nutritional, and essential oil content of Crocus genus members as well as their biological activity. A number of crocus species have been demonstrated to have medicinal and nutritional value. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer research has also seen a surge in recent years. Essential oils and phenolic chemicals are suspected to be present in this plant, making it a potential natural source.


BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Plants are a vital resource because of their various therapeutic uses.Innumerable research have elucidated the varying qualities of plants (Mohammed et al. 2020b).
Many functioning plants are very active biologically because of the secondary metabolites they contain (Selamoglu, 2017;Mohammed et al. 2021c).Members of the genus Crocus have their biological functions catalogued in this investigation.Alcoholic, aqueous, ethanol, methanol, hydroalcohol, ethyl acetate, water, hexane, and double-distilled water extracts were all employed in in-vitro and in-vivo biological activity research.Table 3 displays the results of biological activity studies published in the scientific literature.

Antimicrobial activity
There has been a rise in infections caused by microbes in recent years.These infections are treated with antibiotics (Sevindik, 2021).Subconsciously using antibiotics has led to the rise of bacteria that are resistant to treatment in recent years (Saridogan et

Other activities
Plants are an invaluable natural resource that facilitate several biochemical processes.As a result of these characteristics, plants are valuable resources for supplementary medicine.We collated information from the literature on the biological functions of species in the genus Crocus (Table 3).Here, it's been revealed that C. alatavicus inhibits the replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) (Allambergenova et

ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT
In the literature, essential oils included in the Crocus species have been reported in many studies.The data obtained are shown in Table 4.It is seen that aerial parts of plant species are used when determining essential oil contents.

Mykhailenko et al. 2022a CONCLUSION
In this study, many studies in the literature belonging to Genus Crocus were compiled.In this context, the nutrient, mineral, phenolic and essential oil contents of the species belonging to the genus were evaluated.In addition, their biological activities were emphasized.According to the results obtained, it was observed that the Genus Crocus species had important biological activities.It has also been found to be a source of many phenolic compounds and essential oils.As a result, Genus Crocus species are thought to be an important natural resource.

Table 2
Mineral Contents of Crocus

Table 3
Biological activity of Crocus

al. 2021; Mohammed et al. 2023). Natural
antimicrobial resources have been favoured over the synthetic antimicrobial medications currently in use due to their lack of potential adverse effects(Eraslan etal.2021; Islek et al. 2021; Sevindik et al. 2023).The focus of this research was on the genus Crocus because of the prevalence of its members with antibacterial properties (Table 3).Researchers have shown that the disc diffusion technique is effective in detecting the antimicrobial effects of both C. abantensis and C. ancyrensis against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Streptococcus agalactia, Lactococcus garvieae, and Enterococcus faecalis (Türker et al. 2009).Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Cutibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and C. glabrata were all shown to be significantly inhibited by C. alatavicus in a separate investigation (Allambergenova et al. 2022).Another research found that C. alatavicus had a significant impact on strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and B. cereus (Satybaldiyeva et al. 2015).The effectiveness of C. cancellatus extracts against several Candida was studied, and it was shown to be greatest against C. krusei (Ismael, 2021).Strains of Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, B. brevis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have all been shown to be susceptible to C. chrysant (Ilçım et al. 1998).In addition, C. vernus, C. caspius, and C. sativus extracts have been shown to exhibit antibacterial properties against various bacterial and fungal strains, according to the literature (Pintado et al. 2011; Parray et al. 2015; Asadi, 2016; Carradori et al. 2016; Okmen et al. 2016; Bagherzade et al. 2017; Kakouri et al. 2017; Jadouali et al. 2018; Ahmadi-Shadmehri et al. 2019; Azizian-Shermeh et al.

2020; Horozić et al. 2020; Wali et al. 2020; Zaazaa et al. 2021; Samadzadeh et al. 2022).
Antimicrobial action against various strains of bacteria and fungi is shown by members of the genus Crocus, as can be observed from the data in the literature.Many members of the genus Crocus have shown antimicrobial activity in laboratory settings, thus they may be useful here.

al. 2017; Ahmadi-Shadmehri et al. 2019; Bilal et al. 2020; Wali et al. 2020).
(Bilal et al. 2020, 2019)vity of C. caspius has been shown(Shokrzadeh et al., 2019).The anticholinesterase action of C. mathewii has been documented (Yıldıztekin et al. 2016).Antimalarial and antileishmanial properties of C. sativus have been described (De Monte et al. 2015).Several studies have shown that C. vernus may inhibit the replication of potato virus Y (PVY)(Bilal et al. 2020).Crocus species, in particular those with anticancer and antiviral effects, have been the subject of intensive research and, as a result, represent a valuable natural resource, as shown by an analysis of the available literature.It may also have anticholinesterase, antiparasitic, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective properties.

Table 4
Essential oil contents of Crocus

et al. 2006; Hou et al. 2008; Kosar et al. 2017; Masuda et al. 2021; Kianimanesh et al. 2021).
In this context, it has been observed that there are important secondary metabolites produced within the Genus Crocus species.As a result, it is thought that Genus Crocus species may be natural sources for reported phenolic compounds.