Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIOXIDANT, HEMOLYTIC, AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF LEAVES AND RHIZOMES OF CARTHAMUS CAERULEUS L.

Karima Djafri — 2026-04-28

Carthamus caeruleus (L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, is traditionally recognized for its therapeutic properties, particularly in the treatment of burns and inflammatory disorders. Hydro-methanolic extracts of leaves and rhizomes were prepared and analyzed for their qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three methods: DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene assays. Additionally, hemolytic activity was assessed on human erythrocytes as a measure of cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity was determined using the microdilution method. The leaf extract exhibited higher contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds compared to the rhizome extract (p < 0.05). Whereas the rhizome extracts showed a higher tannin content than the leaves. HPLC analysis identified seven components in the leaves and a mixture of ten phenolic acids and flavonoids in the rhizome extracts. Antioxidant and antibacterial assays revealed the superiority of the leaf extracts over the rhizome extracts (p < 0.05), with comparable potential to BHT according to DPPH assays (IC₅₀ = 11.3 ± 0.5 µg/mL), β-carotene bleaching (74.94% ± 0.5), and FRAP activity (0.58 ± 0.076 mg/mL). The leaf extracts exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.6 to 5 mg/mL. Hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes ranged from 0.86% to 14.45%. Overall, the species Carthamus caeruleus (L.) is characterized by its richness in bioactive compounds, particularly in the leaves, which could serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants and antibacterial agents with beneficial therapeutic properties.

IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF CARBOXYLATED POLYSTYRENE NANOPLASTICS TOXICITY IN TM3 LEYDIG CELLS

Hana Greifová — 2026-04-29

Pollution by plastic microparticles is a growing concern for both the environment and biological systems, including reproductive health. Nanoplastics can accumulate in the testis tissue and result in testosterone insufficiency and reproductive dysfunction in males, according to many in vivo studies. In the natural environment, plastic particles are rarely found in their original form because physical, chemical and biological processes lead to surface modifications that can alter their biological interactions. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential in vitro cytotoxicity of carboxylated polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-COOH NPs) at a size of 0.03 μm and dosages of 1, 10, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL, representing environmentally weathered nanoplastics, on TM3 Leydig cells, with particular focus on cell viability, metabolism, oxidative stress, and steroidogenic function. TM3 Leydig cells were exposed to PS-COOH NPs for 24 h, followed by assessment of cell viability, proliferation and metabolic activity using MTT and Alamar Blue assays. Intracellular superoxide production as a marker of oxidative stress was measured by the nitroblue tetrazolium assay, and testosterone levels were determined using ELISA analysis. Our results demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition in cellular metabolic activity, with significant decline observed at concentrations 100 and 200 µg/mL. Increased superoxide radical production was detected at lower concentrations (1–50 µg/mL), indicating the induction of oxidative stress in metabolically active cells. Testosterone production was significantly suppressed at all tested concentrations, including those that did not markedly affect cell viability. The most significant reduction in testosterone levels was observed at the highest tested concentration of PS-COOH NPs. Overall, findings of this study suggest that carboxylated polystyrene nanoplastics may disrupt Leydig cell function by inducing oxidative stress and impairing steroidogenesis. These results highlight the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of environmentally relevant nanoplastics and emphasize the need for further studies.

BIOCHEMICAL AND MECHANISTIC EVALUATION OF OLIVE LEAF EXTRACT-MEDIATED GREEN SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOPARTICLES: ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL IN STZ-INDUCED RATS

Hadeer A. Omar — 2026-05-15

Olive leaves are a rich source of phytochemicals, particularly phenolic compounds and flavonoids with various biological activities. HPLC analysis confirmed that oleuropein was the predominant phenolic constituent in the extract. In this study, olive leaf extract (OLE) was utilized as a natural bio-reductant for the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (OLE/ZnO-NPs). The antidiabetic potential of OLE and OLE/ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, in addition to physicochemical characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a new absorption peak at 350 nm, while FT-IR analysis indicated the involvement of the extract's functional groups in nanoparticle reduction and stabilization. TEM revealed spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 15–40 nm. Zeta potential analysis confirmed negatively charged particles (−15.58 ± 4.49 mV). In vivo, treatment with OLE/ZnO-NPs significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels compared to diabetic controls. Improvements were also observed in HbA1c, insulin levels, adiponectin, leptin, and lipid profile, along with a reduction in the leptin/adiponectin ratio and insulin resistance index. In vitro, erythrocyte glucose uptake was significantly increased following treatment with the extract or its nano-formulation. These findings suggest that the antidiabetic effect of OLE and OLE/ZnO-NPs may be mediated through enhanced glucose uptake, improved antioxidant values, and modulation of adipokines.

ISOLATION AND IN SILICO STUDIES OF A LACCASE GENE FROM Trametes hirsuta EDN 082: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS FOR BIOREMEDIATION OF SYTHETIC DYES

Muhamad Ilham — 2026-03-26

Trametes hirsuta produces multiple laccases capable of decolorizing synthetic dyes. In this study, a thermostable, high-redox-potential extracellular blue laccase gene named Thlacc1 was successfully isolated from the transcriptome of T. hirsuta EDN 082. The Thlacc1 gene was isolated using the cDNA library construct, followed by PCR using degenerate and specific primers, respectively. The Thlacc1 gene (1575 bp) encodes a 524-amino acid protein with 98.47% similarity to laccase 3 (AOX15704.1), classifying it within the minor laccase group F. Primary structure analysis on ExPASy ProtParam server predicted a molecular weight of 56.54 kDa, an isoelectric point of 4.88, a stability index of 29.13, an aliphatic index of 97.33, and a GRAVY score of -0.130. Secondary structure analysis highlighted β-strands and helices, while tertiary structure modeling on the SwissModel server presented Model 03 as the most accurate model. The enzyme contains three multicopper oxidase motifs, a signal peptide, four N-glycosylation and nine O-glycosylation sites, four copper-binding domains (L1-L4), two disulfide bonds, and a catalytic pocket (221 Å³). Molecular docking at the T1 copper site using the SwissDock server revealed potential interactions between Model 03 and synthetic dyes. DB71 and RB5 showed the highest (-8.44 kcal/mol) and lowest (-5.825 kcal/mol) binding affinities, respectively, but neither was decolorized experimentally. In contrast, recombinant Thlacc1 laccase efficiently decolorized AB113 and AB129, indicating that decolorization efficiency depends on both binding affinity and key-interacting residues. This study provides structural insight and experimental validation for the application of Thlacc1 laccase in the decolorization of synthetic dyes.

FERMENTATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MILLET SILAGE ACCORDING TO VARIETY, HARVEST STAGE AND SALT ADDITION

HAMZA SEYDOU KOROMBE — 2026-04-28

In Niger, a Sahelian country facing significant climate variability, preserving millet residues through ensiling represents a promising solution to address seasonal forage shortages. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of variety (six genotypes), harvest stage (flowering and maturity), and 1 % salt addition on the fermentation and microbiological quality of these silages. The results show that these three factors significantly influence key parameters. The harvest stage has the most pronounced effect. Flowering silages exhibit a lower pH and higher levels of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, indicating more active fermentation but also an increased risk of clostridial growth. Variety particularly affects organic acid levels, with the Maywa variety generally producing more acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. Salt addition has a moderate but significant effect, reducing the overall pH and increasing acetic and propionic acid levels. Microbiological analyses revealed the consistent presence of lactic acid bacteria, butyric acid bacteria, and spoilage flora. The addition of salt tended to reduce the populations of butyric acid bacteria and spoilage flora, although not significantly. Significant correlations confirmed the expected links, notably the acidifying effect of lactic acid and the positive association between propionic and butyric acids. In conclusion, for quality silage in Niger, it is recommended to favor a harvest stage close to maturity to minimize undesirable fermentations, to select varieties such as Siaka Millet associated with a low pH, and to consider adding 1% salt as a simple additive to improve acidification and positively modulate the fermentation profile.

COMPARATIVE PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FATTY ACID COMPOSITION, AND BIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF SESAME (SESAMUM INDICUM L.) OILS FROM THREE VIETNAMESE VARIETIES

Le Pham Tan Quoc — 2026-04-29

This study comprehensively evaluated the properties of sesame oils from three varieties commonly found in Vietnam: black sesame oil (BSO), white sesame oil (WSO), and yellow sesame oil (YSO). We investigated physical characteristics such as color (L* values ranging from 38.46 to 45.97), viscosity (39.00 to 44.60 cP), and density (0.873 to 0.889 g/mL). Key chemical indices were also determined; acid value (AV) showed significant differences among samples (2.06 to 11.59 mg KOH/g), while peroxide value (PV) remained relatively stable (3.33-5.33 meq/kg). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fatty acid composition identified variations in linoleic acid (34.93% - 42.76%) and oleic acid (43.91% - 51.30%) content. Principal component analysis (PCA) further highlighted distinct clustering among the oil samples. Regarding bioactivity, YSO and BSO exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than WSO using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. However, all three sesame oils did not show antibacterial activity against Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus cereus in in vitro assays. The results provide insight into the diverse properties of Vietnamese sesame oils, from their physical characteristics to chemical composition and bioactivity, serving as a basis for selecting appropriate applications for each type.

MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION OF SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION OF BROKEN RICE

Nguyen Minh Thuy — 2026-04-29

Rice wine is a traditional alcoholic beverage derived from fermented glutinous rice or broken rice. The method is separated into two steps: first, the rice is cooked and liquefied/saccharified by molds and enzymes, followed by fermentation. The study examined how Aspergillus oryzae (0.1 - 0.2%) and α-amylase (0.01 - 0.04%) affect starch liquefaction and saccharification, as well as how Saccharomyces bayanus concentration (0.02 - 0.05%) and total soluble solids content (22 - 26%) impact rice wine fermentation. To improve process prediction and optimization, an artificial neural network integrated with a genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) was applied to model the nonlinear relationships between process variables and fermentation performance. The optimization approach utilizing a machine learning-based model demonstrated better prediction ability. Compared with conventional regression approaches, the ANN-GA model provided improved predictive accuracy and enabled the identification of optimal processing conditions for both saccharification and fermentation stages. The optimum content of Aspergillus oryzae and α-amylase was 0.181% and 0.036%, respectively, resulting in high starch saccharification efficiency with a total soluble solids content of 27.2^oBrix. The volume of sugar solution achieved was 34.01 mL (from 50 g rice, yield 68.02%). In addition, using the optimal content of Saccharomyces bayanus of 0.043% and fermenting in an environment with high soluble solids content of 24.88^oBrix produced wine with high ethanol and ester content, 12.19% by volume and 0.93 g/L, respectively. The methanol content of the fermented product under these optimal conditions was lower (49.8 mg/L). These findings demonstrate that the integration of machine-learning-based optimization can effectively enhance fermentation efficiency while maintaining product safety. Overall, the optimized saccharification and fermentation parameters provide a viable approach for producing rice wine with higher quality and safety assurances for this traditional product.

GREEN TO ROASTED: EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF ROASTING CONDITIONS ON COFFEE'S BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

Alžbeta Demianová — 2026-05-27

This study evaluates the influence of roasting degree and time–temperature profiles on the physicochemical properties and bioactive compound composition of Coffea arabica. Two specialty coffee samples differing in post-harvest processing (wet and dry) were subjected to five roasting conditions: light, medium, dark, low-temperature long-time (LTLT), and high-temperature short-time (HTST), with green coffee serving as control (n = 16). Statistical evaluation was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, α = 0.05), and multivariate relationships were explored by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Roasting significantly affected all monitored parameters. pH decreased from green coffee (5.33–5.38) to light and medium roasts (4.66–4.92), followed by an increase in dark roasts (5.51–5.74), reflecting the formation and subsequent degradation of organic acids. Dry matter increased from approximately 90.5% in green coffee to ~98% in roasted samples, while water activity decreased from 0.49–0.52 to ~0.19–0.23. Total antioxidant capacity declined with roasting intensity (from ~85–88% DPPH inhibition in green coffee to ~58–61% in dark roast), whereas total polyphenol content showed variability depending on processing method. Chlorogenic acids exhibited substantial degradation, decreasing from ~25–28 g·kg⁻¹ DM in green coffee to ~7–12 g·kg⁻¹ DM in dark and HTST samples, while caffeine content remained relatively stable (~7.5–9.1 g·kg⁻¹ DM). Roasting dynamics significantly influenced compound retention. LTLT roasting preserved chlorogenic acids (~9.4–9.6 g·kg⁻¹ DM) and antioxidant capacity at levels comparable to medium roast, whereas HTST resulted in the highest degradation (~60–75% loss). PCA confirmed roasting conditions as the primary factor driving compositional variability, with secondary contributions from post-harvest processing. These findings demonstrate that peak temperature is the dominant factor governing bioactive compound stability and highlight the potential of controlled roasting strategies to optimize coffee quality.

ACETYLATION OF OZONATED SAGO (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) STARCH: IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS PROPERTIES ON STARCH NOODLES

Heri Cahyono — 2026-04-30

This study aimed to enhance the physicochemical and functional properties of sago starch for noodle production using sequential ozonation and acetylation. Native sago starch was first ozonated to disrupt its crystalline structure, followed by acetylation with varying acetic anhydride ratios (4–8 g per 100 g starch) and reaction times (5–25 min). The acetyl content (%) and degree of substitution (DS) increased with higher acetylation agent ratios and longer reaction times, peaking at 6.644% acetyl content and 0.268 DS for the highest ratio (A-OS 8) at 25 min. Functional properties were significantly altered, with acetylated-ozonated starches showing increased moisture content (up to 15.168%), a higher water solubility index (WSI: 16.835%), and a reduced water absorption index (WAI: 30.419–33.692%) compared to native starch. Rheological analysis revealed that ozonation reduced the peak viscosity of native starch (5344 cP) to 4474 cP, while acetylation partially restored the viscosity (up to 5214 cP for A-OS 4). Structural characterization via SEM confirmed surface roughness and fissures in modified starches, whereas XRD and FTIR demonstrated retained A-type crystallinity with reduced order and successful acetyl group incorporation (evidenced by C=O peaks at 1740 cm⁻¹). In noodle applications, dual-modified starch improved texture, with reduced hardness (302.37 g for A-OS 8 vs. 593.46 g for native starch) and lower cooking loss (12.85% vs. 19.39%), alongside enhanced brightness (L* = 73.3) and shorter cooking times (5 min for A-OS 8). These results demonstrate that ozonation-acetylation synergistically modifies sago starch, optimizing its properties for noodle production by balancing its solubility, viscosity, and structural stability.

PREVALENCE, DIVERSITY, AND INTENSITY OF INTESTINAL PARASITIC CONTAMINATION IN EDIBLE LEAFY VEGETABLES SOLD IN AGO IWOYE MARKET, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

Jerome Otiti — 2026-04-16

Background: Consumption of raw leafy vegetables contaminated with intestinal parasites poses a significant public health risk. In Nigeria, such vegetables are commonly eaten without cooking, yet data on their parasitic contamination remain limited. This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and intensity of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold at Ago‑Iwoye Market, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Methods: A cross‑sectional survey was conducted between March and May 2017 on 240 samples of four leafy vegetables: Talinum triangulare (waterleaf), Celosia argentea (Lagos spinach), Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin), and Corchorus olitorius (white jute). Parasites were detected using standard parasitological techniques. Data were analysed for prevalence, species distribution, mixed infections, and mean parasite intensity. Differences among vegetable types were assessed using Chi‑square analysis.

Results: Overall, 82 samples (34.2%) were contaminated. Telfairia occidentalis exhibited the highest contamination (46.7%), followed by Talinum triangulare (38.3%), Corchorus olitorius (31.7%), and Celosia argentea (20.0%). Six parasite species were identified; Ascaris lumbricoides was most prevalent (11.3%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica (10.0%) and Giardia lamblia (6.3%). Mixed infections were frequent, particularly in Telfairia occidentalis (34.1%) and Talinum triangulare (28.0%). Mean parasite intensity ranged from 0.20 to 0.47 parasites per sample. The distribution of Trichuris trichiura differed significantly among vegetables (χ² = 11.624, p = 0.009).

Conclusion: Leafy vegetables sold at Ago‑Iwoye Market are moderately contaminated with intestinal parasites, including multiple species per sample. These findings provide baseline evidence of public health relevance and underscore the importance of improved hygiene practices, vendor education, and consumer awareness to reduce the risk of food‑borne parasitic infections.

IN VITRO PROBIOTIC CHARACTERIZATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF LACTIPLANTIBACILLUS PLANTARUM FROM GERMINATED WHEAT AND CAULIFLOWER SOURDOUGH

R. Vijaya Vahini — 2026-04-29

This study aimed to develop a functional sourdough incorporating germinated wheat flour and dehydrated cauliflower flour, and to isolate, evaluate, and characterize the dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) obtained from the fermented product. Microbial isolation and morphological characterization revealed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as the dominant strain. Molecular identification employing 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLAST analysis confirmed the isolate as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (GenBank accession: PV342492.1), showing 98–100% similarity with reference strains in the NCBI GenBank database. The isolate exhibited strong amylolytic activity with an amylolytic index of 1.9, indicating effective starch degradation during fermentation. Protease and lipase activities were also detected, suggesting the isolate’s role in protein and lipid hydrolysis, which improves the flavour and textural quality of sourdough products. In vitro probiotic assessments demonstrated that the isolate maintained high viability under acidic conditions (77.78% at pH 2.0) and in the presence of bile salts, showing a survival rate of 74.16% after 24 h at 0.3% bile concentration. Antimicrobial activity was observed against foodborne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella species. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close evolutionary relationship of the isolate with other L. plantarum strains, validating its dominance in the vegetable-enriched sourdough ecosystem. The incorporation of cauliflower flour appeared to support robust growth and stability of L. plantarum during fermentation without hindering microbial proliferation. These in vitro findings suggest that the formulated sourdough has potential for the development of high-fibre fermented bakery products; however, in vivo validation is required before specific gastrointestinal health claims can be substantiated.

THE COMPOSITION, VOLATILE COMPOUNDS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF THE EDIBLE INSECT TENEBRIO MOLITOR FED WITH CYANOBACTERIAL SPIRULINA PLATENSIS BIOMASS UNDER DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE TREATMENT

Nedasadat Safarabadi Farahani — 2026-04-16

This is a first attempt to examine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the edible insect Tenebrio molitor (yellow mealworm beetle), which was fed Spirulina platensis. subjected to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment (at 10 minutes during 3, 7, 14, and 30 days). In total, seven groups of larvae were used: larvae not fed with S. platensis, larvae fed with 5, 10, and 20% non- DBD -infused S. platensis, and larvae fed with 5, 10, and 20% DBD -infused S. platensis. The results of the nutritional composition showed that the percentage of protein, fat, ash, fiber, and carbohydrates in a 20% concentration of S. platensis under DBD treatment increased by 1.30, 1.28, 1.28, 1.67, 1.27, and 1.93 times (p ≤ 0.05). The antioxidant activity by the DPPH method also showed that the highest value belonged to the treatment with 20% DBD, which was 1.18 times the control (p ≤ 0.05). Results of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione Peroxidase showed that the highest levels of these enzymes belonged to the treatment with 20% DBD, which was 1.6, 1.26, and 2.019 times the control, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the results of the antibacterial analysis indicated a significant increase. The results of the analysis of volatile compounds showed the highest abundance belonged to palmitic acid, while the lowest value belonged to compounds of oleic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid, and stearic acid. The overall results showed that the combination of DBD and cyanobacteria presents a promising technology for enhancing food properties in the food industry.

APPLICATION OF MEDICINAL MUSHROOM EXTRACTS IN SHELF-STABLE GLUTEN-FREE PRODUCTS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND SENSORY EVALUATION

Anna Kolesarova — 2026-05-22

Global demand for functional gluten-free products has driven the search for new bioactive ingredients. This study evaluated the impact of medicinal mushroom extracts from shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and maitake (Grifola frondosa) on the physicochemical, bioactive, and sensory properties of gluten-free pasta and rice-flour-based crackers. The total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Chemical composition, including crude protein and ash content, was analysed according to AOAC standards, and sensory quality was evaluated by a trained panel using a hedonic scale. The results confirmed that the addition of extracts significantly increased (p<0.05) the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in both product types. Furthermore, the incorporation of extracts led to a significant increase in ash content, reflecting an enhanced mineral profile, while a slight relative decrease in crude protein proportion was observed in certain variants. In pasta, a crucial interplay between mushroom extracts and egg fortification was demonstrated; egg-based variants showed markedly better texture and overall sensory acceptance than egg-free samples. Regarding the rice crackers, the 5% shiitake extract variant was identified as optimal for overall impression. The study suggests that shiitake and maitake extracts are promising ingredients for developing functional gluten-free foods with high nutritional value and a favourable sensory profile.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STEAMED CHEESES OF SLOVAKIA AND NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

Jana Zahumenská — 2026-05-25

The work compared the quality of steamed cheese samples from Slovakia (group A – SR; unsmoked steamed, smoked steamed threads,

oštiepok cheeses or salami cheeses, parenica cheeses) and neighboring countries (group B – CZ, C – HU, D – PL, E – UA). From the point of view of the sensory analysis, it turned out that the evaluators evaluated sample A1 as the best cheese (unsmoked threads from Slovakia). Their surface was smooth, shiny and of a slightly yellowish color, the consistency was flexible to stiffer, slightly brittle, with separating fibers. The smoked threads from Ukraine (E2) was the worst in the evaluation. The consistency was extremely firm, very hard, not very flexible, with poorly separating fibers. We determined the lowest dry matter content in sample A1 (44.27 ± 0.33), sample B1 did not reach the minimum required dry matter content of 48% declared (46.30 ± 0.24). The sample E2 had the highest dry matter content (65.97 ± 0.26) and also had the highest salt content (6.90 ± 0.09). Statistical significance in the "parenica" group was confirmed in the parameters: Dry matter, Fat in dry matter, Salt content, pH and Titratable acidity at the level of statistical significance p < 0.001. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in all examined samples. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated in each cheese sample. Micromycetes were detected in five samples, where in the case of parenica samples (B4 – CZ; D4 – PL; E4 – UA). During the year, the growth of micromycetes in the samples represented a statistical significance of p < 0.05.

INFLUENCE OF BEAR GARLIC ON SENSORY QUALITY OF COOKED MEAT PRODUCTS

Alžbeta Jarošová — 2026-05-22

Bear garlic has a distinct pungent taste associated with the sulphur compound allin. When garlic is crushed or chopped, the enzyme alinase is activated, which produces allicin from allin. Allicin has antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Sausages were produced with 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% of kitchen and bear garlic and analyzed twice (day 1 after production and day 14 after production). Chemical analysis (dry matter, fat, protein and salt content), instrumental colour measurement and sensory evaluation of the sausages were conducted. The addition of bear garlic was particularly significant in the sensory evaluation for the pleasantness of the garlic flavour, while sausages with the addition of bear garlic scored higher than those with the addition of sausage with kitchen garlic. Sensory analyses conducted one day after production showed that the evaluators found the sausages with 0.8% and 1.2% addition of kitchen and bear garlic more acceptable in terms of garlic aroma intensity, garlic flavour intensity, garlic flavour pleasantness and overall impression. After 14 days of production, the sausage with 0.8% addition of kitchen's garlic and bear's garlic were the most acceptable to the panelists, particularly for the descriptors of overall appearance, garlic aroma intensity, garlic flavour intensity, garlic flavour palatability and overall impression. Comparing data from day 1 and day 14 after sausage production with 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% addition of kitchen garlic and bear garlic, the sausage with kitchen garlic and bear garlic on day 1 was the best evaluated, especially in the descriptors of juiciness, consistency and pleasantness of garlic flavour.

THE AMINO ACID AND FATTY ACID PROFILE OF CALIFORNIA PIGEONS (COLUMBA LIVIA) MEAT

Adriana Pavelková — 2026-04-28

This study evaluated the amino acid and fatty acid composition of breast and thigh muscles in male and female California pigeons (Columba livia domestica). A total of 40 pigeons (20 males and 20 females) reared under identical conditions were analysed to assess the effects of sex and muscle type on meat composition. Amino acids were determined using an automatic amino acid analyser following acid hydrolysis, and fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between sexes or muscle types for any of the analysed amino acid or fatty acid parameters. The amino acid profile was characterised by a balanced distribution of essential and non-essential amino acids, with lysine, leucine, and arginine among the predominant components. The total amino acid content ranged approximately from 17.5 to 19.5 g/100 g dry matter across the evaluated groups. The fatty acid profile was dominated by monounsaturated fatty acids, followed by saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid (C18:1 cis) was the predominant fatty acid in both breast and thigh muscles. The n-6/n-3 ratio ranged approximately from 9:1 to 12:1, with no statistically significant differences between groups. The results indicate a relatively consistent compositional profile of California pigeon meat under controlled rearing conditions. The absence of statistically significant differences suggests limited variability in amino acid and fatty acid composition with respect to sex and muscle type. These findings provide baseline data for the nutritional characterisation of this pigeon genotype; however, no functional or physiological implications can be inferred without further experimental validation.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, SENSORY QUALITY AND LEGISLATIVE COMPLIANCE OF MEADS EVALUATED IN A NATIONAL COMPETITION

Robert Chlebo — 2026-04-16

Mead is a traditional fermented beverage that has recently experienced renewed growth accompanied by increasing stylistic diversity. This diversification has raised questions regarding quality assessment and the relevance of existing analytical and legislative criteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and sensory quality of meads submitted to a national competition and to analyse relationships among mead class, production attributes, legislative compliance, and sensory outcomes.

A total of 79 mead samples representing three classes (traditional mead, melomel, and metheglin) were analysed for selected physicochemical parameters and evaluated by a professional sensory panel. Compliance with Slovak legislative requirements was assessed, and differences among mead classes, honey types, and production methods were examined using non-parametric statistical tests. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to explore relationships between chemical parameters and sensory scores.

Significant differences among mead classes were observed only for volatile acidity (p = 0.026). No significant differences were found for alcohol content, residual sugars, or sensory scores. More than one third of samples failed to meet at least one legislative limit, most frequently due to the minimum alcohol content requirement; however, sensory scores of non-compliant and compliant samples did not differ significantly (p = 0.919). PCA indicated that sensory score was not strongly associated with individual physicochemical parameters.

The results indicated that sensory quality of mead was not strictly determined by compliance with individual physicochemical limits, and the frequent non-compliance related to minimum alcohol content suggests that this legislative threshold may not fully reflect sensory-defined quality of mead.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RETAIL AND MODEL-FORMULATED DELI SALADS

Lucia Zelenakova — 2026-05-25

This study evaluated the microbiological safety and selected physicochemical parameters of retail and model-formulated deli salads. The dynamics of microbial contamination (total viable count – TVC, coliform bacteria, Bacillus cereus, microscopic filamentous fungi – MFF, and yeasts) and physicochemical parameters (pH, water activity, and salt content) were monitored with respect to sample type and storage conditions. Thirteen commercial deli salads were purchased from retail display counters and analysed immediately after purchase and after 24 h of storage at 4 °C. In the second part of the study, one commercial sample and four laboratory-prepared model salads simulating gastronomic practice were evaluated. All model ready-to-eat salads (Vlašský šalát, a traditional Central European mayonnaise-based deli salad) contained identical ingredients but differed in the type of dressing (no dressing, mayonnaise, tartar sauce, or yogurt). Analyses were performed immediately after preparation and after 12, 24, and 48 h of storage at 3 °C and 8 °C. Among retail samples, the highest TVC was detected in Norwegian salad (3.38 log CFU/g) and “Devil’s” salad (3.37 log CFU/g), while the lowest was observed in Dutch salad (1.91 log CFU/g). No statistically significant differences in TVC were observed during storage (P > 0.05), although a slight increase in counts was recorded. Coliform bacteria were detected in only one sample and remained within legislative limits. Microscopic filamentous fungi and yeasts occurred at low levels (<4×10¹ CFU/g). pH remained stable, whereas two samples exceeded the permitted salt content. In model salads, storage temperature and time significantly influenced microbial growth (P < 0.05), with faster proliferation at 8 °C. Dressings showed an initial inhibitory effect which decreased after 48 h. After 48 h at 8 °C, the lowest TVC was observed in mayonnaise salad (5.22 log CFU/g) and the highest in yogurt salad (5.45 log CFU/g). Coliform bacteria were absent; however, yogurt salad exceeded the limit for Bacillus cereus (4.13 log CFU/g). Yeasts and filamentous fungi remained low in all samples. Storage caused slight increases in pH and water activity. All model salads prepared according to commonly available recipes exceeded the maximum salt content, except the yogurt variant. The results highlight the importance of storage temperature control and formulation factors in ensuring the microbiological safety of deli salads.

FLAXSEED, SEA BUCKTHORN AND CORNELIAN CHERRY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES: GUT MICROBIOTA AND METABOLIC BENEFITS—A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Alzbeta Piovarciova — 2026-04-21

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents over 90% of diabetes cases worldwide and continues to rise in prevalence due to aging populations, sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and nutritional transitions. The disease is characterized by progressive insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, chronic hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and low-grade inflammation, leading to multi-organ complications including cardiovascular, renal, neural, and ocular damage. Emerging evidence identifies gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic endotoxemia as central contributors to T2DM pathogenesis. Reduced microbial diversity, impaired short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and increased intestinal permeability facilitate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation, triggering inflammatory cascades that may interfere with insulin signaling.

Dietary bioactive compounds capable of modulating gut microbial composition and supporting intestinal barrier integrity have therefore gained attention as adjunctive therapeutic strategies. This review analyzes the mechanistic effects of three phytochemically rich plant sources—flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), and cornelian cherry (Cornus mas) - in the context of T2DM. Flaxseed lignans and fermentable fibre may enhance SCFA production, potentially suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis, and attenuate inflammatory signaling. Sea buckthorn polyphenols may help reshape microbial ecology, activate AMPK-dependent pathways, improve lipid metabolism, and are associated with multi-organ protection. Cornelian cherry iridoids and anthocyanins may modulate antioxidant and inflammatory pathways, contribute to improved insulin sensitivity, and support vascular and endothelial function.

Collectively, these plant-derived bioactives converge on shared metabolic nodes, including restoration of gut barrier integrity, reduction of metabolic endotoxemia, activation of AMPK signaling, suppression of hepatic glucose production, enhancement of peripheral glucose uptake, and improvement of lipid homeostasis. Targeting the gut–liver–pancreas axis through microbiota-mediated mechanisms may represent a rational adjunctive strategy for mitigating insulin resistance and limiting the progression of T2DM and its complications.

SONICATION-EXTRACTED POLYPHENOLS FROM TOMATILLO CALYX WASTE: A NOVEL APPROACH TO ENHANCING ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES FOR FOOD PRESERVATION

Brayan Aguiar-Mendoza — 2026-05-19

The increasing demand for natural food preservatives is driven by growing consumer concerns regarding health and environmental sustainability, posing a significant challenge in food preservation technology. Although synthetic additives have long been used to extend the shelf life of foods, the health risks they pose have led to a search for safer alternatives. This study explores the potential of tomatillo calyx extracts (Physalis ixocarpa Brot ex. Hornem.) as natural preservatives, addressing the knowledge gap regarding their efficacy and safety. Sonication was employed as a novel extraction method to enhance polyphenol yield and improve bioactivity of the extracts. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays (ABTS^•+, DPPH^•, and FRAP). Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed against pathogenic and food-spoiling microorganisms. In addition, toxicity was evaluated using the Artemia salina nauplii assay. The results demonstrated that sonication significantly increased the extraction of phenolic compounds, leading to robust antioxidant activity. The extracts effectively inhibited S. aureus and A. niger, showing potential as antimicrobial agents, although no activity was observed against E. coli and C. albicans. The brine shrimp assay revealed median lethal doses below 100 µg/mL, indicating potential bioactivity. Hence, tomatillo calyx extracts exhibit promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, suggesting their utility in food preservation. These findings contribute to the valorization of agricultural waste and propose a sustainable alternative to synthetic preservatives. Future research should focus on optimizing extraction methods, expanding the analysis of the antimicrobial spectrum, and evaluating the extracts in food models.

CONCENTRATION DEPENDENT ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY OF TEA TREE OIL AGAINST CLINICAL ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE ISOLATED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

Omar Sinan — 2026-06-01

Background: Biofilm-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Enterobacter cloacae represents a significant clinical challenge due to antimicrobial resistance. Natural plant-derived products such as Tea Tree Oil (TTO) gained attention as an antibiofilm agent. Methods: A total of 23 clinical E. cloacae isolates sampled from Iraqi patients with UTIs, identified using morphological characteristics, biochemical tests and Vitek-2 compact system. Biofilms forming ability was determined using 96-wells polystyrene flat plate assay. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and sub-MICs (SMICs) of TTO determined using resazurin-based assay. Antibiofilm activity was determined via crystal violet assay, at different TTO concentrations by measuring optical densities. The presence of csgA detected via PCR technique and expression levels of csgA quantified via real-time PCR, normalized to the housekeeping gene and analyzed using 2^-ΔΔCt. Results: All E. cloacae isolates were capable of forming biofilms with optical densities ranged from 0.150 to 0.700. Tea tree oil exhibited antibiofilm activity in a concentration-dependent manner. MBCs level significantly reduced biofilm (p < 0.0001), with reductions exceeding 50% in several strong and moderate biofilm-formers. MIC levels showed moderate inhibition, whereas SMICs demonstrated limited but detectable inhibition. Molecular analysis revealed that, exposure to TTO resulted in significant downregulation of the csgA compared to control. Conclusion: TTO at the level of MBCs, MICs and SMICs demonstrates potential anti-biofilm activity against E. cloacae and may be considered as potential natural In vitro anti-biofilm agent, however, further In vivo studies are required to evaluate its possibility to control biofilm associated-UTIs and molecular levels highlighted these findings.

IMMOBILIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS ON SOLID SORBENTS OF A NEW GENERATION OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF ALUMINUM OXIDE VIA MICRO-ARC OXIDATION

Zakhro Akhmedova — 2026-04-29

This study presents experimental data on the sorption of microorganisms onto composite ceramic coatings formed on aluminum alloys (Zn–Al, Al–Mg6, and D16) via micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The tested microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans, and the micromycete Aspergillus niger. The results demonstrated that the sorption capacity of the coatings is strongly influenced by microbial species, as well as by the chemical composition and surface morphology of the sorbents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a heterogeneous distribution of adsorbed cells and spores, governed by microporosity, phase composition (oxides of aluminum, magnesium, zinc, and silicon), and surface structural features. The maximum sorption of E. coli on the Zn–Al coating reached 0.9 × 10⁶ cells/mm² at an concentration of 3 × 10⁸ cells/mL, exceeding that observed on the D16 alloy by 30%. Comparable trends were observed for P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis. Coccoid cells of S. aureus also exhibited efficient adsorption, with densities of 1.80 × 10⁶ cells/mm² on Zn–Al, 1.50 × 10⁶ cells/mm² on D16, and 1.30 × 10⁶ cells/mm² on Al–Mg6 surfaces. At higher microbial concentrations (≥ 3 × 10⁸ cells·cm⁻³), the maximum surface sorption density reached 7.0–8.0 × 10⁵ cells/mm². Yeast cells of C. albicans and spores of A. niger exhibited adsorption behavior similar to that of S. aureus. The highest sorption capacity was consistently observed for Zn–Al coatings, followed by D16, while lower values were recorded for Al–Mg6 and control samples. Overall, MAO-derived composite coatings demonstrated high porosity and significant sorption capacity, indicating their strong potential as adsorbents and carrier materials in industrial microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental monitoring. Furthermore, these coatings represent promising candidates for future investigations of antimicrobial and anticorrosion properties.

MOLECULAR MODELING AND IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF THE MOLYBDATE/TUNGSTATE TRANSPORTER WtpB IN THE HYPERTHERMOPHILIC ARCHAEON Thermococcus kodakarensis

Muhammad Tausif Chaudhry — 2026-04-29

The WtpB permease from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 is a membrane-integrated component of the WtpABC ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter system, mediating high-affinity uptake of tungstate (WO₄²⁻) and molybdate (MoO₄²⁻), essential metal oxoanions in hyperthermophilic archaea. Using comprehensive in silico approaches, we modeled the secondary and tertiary structure of WtpB, revealing nine α-helices with distinct functional domains, including putative periplasmic binding protein (PBP) interaction loops, a conserved gate region, dimer interface, and ABC-ATPase interaction site. Sequence alignment of 31 Thermococcus species demonstrated 44.5 % residue conservation, indicating evolutionary stability. Physicochemical profiling showed a high aliphatic index (131.94), isoelectric point of 9.69, and GRAVY score of 0.854, consistent with a thermally stable, hydrophobic transmembrane protein. Structural validation via Ramachandran plot indicated 95.5 % residues in favored regions, while ProQ and QMEAN scores (LG: 9.228; MaxSub: 0.407; QMEAN: 0.549) confirmed model accuracy. Interaction network analysis identified strong associations with WtpA and WtpC (confidence scores >0.99), predicting complex formation. Phylogenetic analysis resolved six clusters within Thermococcus, with WtpB sequence identities ranging from 72.6 % (Pyrococcus furiosus) to 97.1 % (closely related species), reflecting functional divergence aligned with ecological niches. This integrated structural and evolutionary characterization of WtpB advances understanding of archaeal metal oxoanion transport mechanisms, crucial for maintaining redox metabolism under extreme conditions, and provides a molecular basis for future functional and applied studies targeting hyperthermophilic ABC transport systems.

GENOME-BASED CHARACTERIZATION OF STRAIN ENTEROCCUS FAECIUM ICIS21 FROM NATURALLY FERMENTED DAIRY PRODUCT

Yulia Zhabina — 2026-05-20

Enterococcus faecium ICIS21 is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive strain that is important in the food industry. This isolate was selected from a naturally fermented dairy product obtained in the Orenburg region, Russian Federation. Currently, there is increasing evidence supporting the important role of enterococci in human health and their use as a natural method for food preservation. This paper reports a draft genome sequence of E. faecium ICIS21, where we studied the strain genome using whole-genome sequencing, assembly, annotation, and subsequent bioinformatic analysis. We characterized its probiotic potential, including the production of bacteriocins (enterocin SE-K4, enterocin A, and enterolysin A), secondary metabolites (cyclic lactone autoinducer and T3pks), vitamins, and genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Additionally, an important feature is the presence of a heavy metal resistance gene cluster, determining factors with various mechanisms for binding and removing a complex of heavy metals such as Hg, Co, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Ni. This may be significant for using the strain as a biosorbent for heavy metal ions. The presence of major virulence genes was not detected. The analysis showed the absence of transmissible antibiotic resistance genes (vanA, vanB, ermB, tetM, and aac(6′)-le-aph(2″)-la) and plasmids. The study results will be significant for further analysis of specific elements of the genome of this species and also open up prospects for developing microbial compositions with specified properties to expand the range of functional food products.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE pmrCAB GENES ASSOCIATED WITH COLISTIN RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Acinetobacter baumannii

Aram Hassan Rasool — 2026-05-15

Acinetobacter baumnnii (A. baumannii) represents a significant threat to public health, severely limiting the effectiveness of existing antimicrobial treatments. Currently, colistin is used as a last-resort treatment for infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii, due to the increasing rates of resistance to both first- and second-line antibiotics. Regrettably, reports of colistin resistance (CoR) in A. baumannii clinical isolates have been growing frequently. This study aims to investigate the incidence of mutations in the pmrCAB operon, characterize the alterations found within isolates, and examine the diversity and complexity of colistin resistance in A. baumannii. In this study, 46 unique isolates of A. baumannii from hospitalized patients are identified using the Phoenix BD Diagnostic System, which serves for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling. Additionally, these isolates are confirmed through PCR analysis of the bla_OXA-51-like gene. Based on CLSI 2024 guidelines, a significant proportion of isolates were multidrug-resistant 25 (54.4%), extensively drug-resistant 18 (39.1%), or pandrug-resistant 6 (6.5%). High resistance rates were observed for meropenem (93.4%) and imipenem (91.3%). Colistin resistance was detected in 6.5% (3/46) of isolates, all of which were positive for pmrCAB genes. Additionally, this study identified point mutations in the pmrC gene, resulting in a specific amino acid alteration (Val42→Ile) in the EptA protein, located within the transmembrane region. In conclusion, this study highlights the high prevalence of MDR-XDR A. baumannii clinical isolates, emphasizing the urgent requirement for effective control strategies. Furthermore, pmrC point mutations and distinct amino acid substitutions may contribute to low-to-moderate modification of lipid A within the lipopolysaccharide, which may contribute to colistin resistance. However, direct impact on bacterial virulence requires further investigation.

EVALUATION OF POLYPHENOLIC CONTENT AND In VITRO ANTI COXSACKIE VIRUS, ANTI INFLAMMATORY, ANTIOXIDANT AND WOUND HEALING ACTIVITIES OF THE MUSHROOMS Ganoderma SP. AND Ganoderma applanatum EXTRACTS

Waill A. Elkhateeb — 2026-05-20

Ganoderma (immortality mushroom) is one of the key components of ancient Asian remedies used centuries ago for longevity and treatment of diseases. Inspired by its ethnopharmacological importance, Ganoderma is currently further studied in order to get maximum nutritional and pharmaceutical benefits. Hence, this study aimed to analyze polyphenolic composition and explore the in vitro bioactive capabilities of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma applanatum extracts. Ethyl acetate fractions were having higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, which influenced their antioxidant activity. The highest activity was recorded for G. applanatum ethyl acetate fraction. On the contrary, n-butanol fraction of G. applanatum exerted the highest nitric acid inhibition as an indication for its anti-inflammatory activity. On the other hand, studying effect of prepared Ganoderma fractions on coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3), responsible for viral myocarditis, revealed that during virucidal assay, Ganoderma sp. ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antiviral activity against virus infection with reduction in virus titers (R) equal to 3.0 log₁₀ TCID₅₀, while during pre-treatment assay, the highest antiviral activities were recorded for G. applanatum ethyl acetate fractions with R=3.0 log₁₀ TCID₅₀. During post-treatment assay, the highest antiviral activity was achieved by G. applanatum n-butanol fraction with R=3.0 log₁₀TCID₅₀. Concerning wound healing potentials of prepared Ganoderma fractions, investigating the migration of fibroblast cells as an indication for wound healing ability of fractions revealed that G. applanatum n-butanol fraction had the highest ability among all tested fractions. Further studies are encouraged.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF UROPATHOGENS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN SOUTH INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

RIHANA BEGUM PATNOOL — 2026-04-29

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, with increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) posing a major therapeutic challenge.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of uropathogens isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in South India.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional record-based study was conducted over a six-month period (January–June 2024) using microbiology laboratory data. A total of 390 urine samples were analyzed. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) were performed using standard microbiological procedures in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Only anonymized laboratory records were utilized, and duplicate isolates were excluded. Data were analyzed using WHONET 5.6 and SPSS version 29.

Results: Among 390 samples, 219 (56.2%) showed significant bacterial growth. Escherichia coli (45.2%) was the predominant isolate, followed by Enterococcus faecalis (18.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.9%). High resistance was observed to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole. Carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and nitrofurantoin demonstrated comparatively higher effectiveness. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 53.4% of isolates.

Conclusion: The study provides important phenotypic surveillance data on antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens. The findings support the need for continuous local surveillance and institution-specific antibiogram development to guide empirical therapy, while highlighting the importance of cautious interpretation in the absence of molecular confirmation.

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH TOMATO SPOILAGE FROM RETAIL MARKETS AND MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Zuzana Barboráková — 2026-05-20

Tomatoes represent a suitable substrate for the growth of microscopic filamentous fungi and yeasts, including potentially toxigenic species. The aim of this study was to compare the mycocenosis of tomatoes from retail chains in Slovakia and Hungary, with an emphasis on species diversity and the ability of selected isolates to produce mycotoxins. A total of 30 tomato samples (Slovakia, n = 21; Hungary, n = 9) were analysed. Fungal genera were identified based on macro- and micromorphological characteristics, while identification at the species, section, or group level was performed using standard taxonomic keys. Selected isolates of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Fusarium were tested for their ability to produce selected mycotoxins in vitro using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Yeasts were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. In total, nine genera of filamentous fungi were identified. The dominant genus was Penicillium (73.3%), followed by Alternaria (30.0%). The most frequently isolated taxa were Penicillium olsonii (56.7%) and the Alternaria arborescens species group (36.6%), both detected in Slovak and Hungarian samples. Several isolates of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Fusarium demonstrated the ability to produce at least one mycotoxin, including aflatoxins B₁and G₁, patulin, citrinin, roquefortine C, penitrem A, cyclopiazonic acid, griseofulvin, alternariol, alternariol monomethylether, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and zearalenone. The results revealed differences in fungal species diversity and toxigenic profiles between Slovak and Hungarian tomatoes and highlight the potential food safety risks associated with the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi in fresh tomatoes.

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS ANALYSIS REVEALED THE ENHANCED STABILITY AND SPECIFICITY OF SCFV-CYTOKINE COMPLEXES TARGETING PRIMARY TARGETS

Kumar Simant — 2026-04-29

Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are promising alternatives to full-length monoclonal antibodies because of their small size, high specificity, and improved tissue penetration. However, potential cross-reactivity with structurally related proteins may limit their therapeutic applicability. In the present study, an in-silico workflow integrating protein structure prediction, protein–protein docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to evaluate the binding specificity and structural stability of murine anti-IL-6 scFv and anti-TNF-α scFv toward their primary cytokine targets and related off-target cytokines. Predicted scFv structures were docked with IL-6, IL-11, TNF-α, and TNF-β, followed by 200ns MD simulations of the resulting complexes. Comparative analyses were performed using root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and hydrogen-bonding profiles. Complexes formed with the primary targets showed lower structural deviation and greater conformational stability than cross-reactive complexes. The anti-IL-6 scFv–IL-6 and anti-TNF-α scFv–TNF-α systems exhibited lower average RMSD values than their corresponding control complexes with IL-11 and TNF-β. In addition, primary target complexes demonstrated more stable intermolecular interactions, improved compactness, and reduced residue-level fluctuations at key binding regions. Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) analysis suggested that the scFv showed more efficient binding with its primary target. Overall, these findings suggest that the studied scFvs displayed preferential binding and enhanced dynamic stability toward their intended cytokine targets. These computational studies may provide a structural basis for future experimental validation and rational engineering of antibody fragments which targets the respective cytokines. Both TNF-α and IL-6 are important cytokines, and their levels are elevated in many chronic diseases. Blocking them looks like a promising way to treat these diseases and blocking their activities by scFv may provide alternative ways to treat these diseases.

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOSITE FEED ADSORBENTS IN BINDING MAJOR MYCOTOXINS UNDER VARIABLE PH CONDITIONS

Svitlana M. Mykhailiutenko — 2026-04-29

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria and represent a significant threat to the safety of cereal crops and animal feed. These compounds may accumulate at various stages of production, storage, and transportation, which necessitates the development and application of effective strategies to reduce their toxic effects. The aim of the study was to perform a comparative evaluation of the adsorption capacity of three mycotoxin-binding agents. The study was conducted under in vitro conditions; therefore, the adsorption efficiency observed may differ under in vivo gastrointestinal conditions. Three commercial mycotoxin binders were tested, each containing 70% inorganic sorbent from the silicate group (bentonite, zeolite, or diatomite) and 30% organic component based on yeast cell walls (sources of mannan oligosaccharides and β-glucans). In preparation No. 1, the organic fraction consisted of yeast cell walls containing 33% MOS and 25% β-glucans; preparation No. 2 contained 20% MOS and 35% β-glucans; and No. 3 contained 20% MOS and 20% β-glucans. The adsorption capacity of the mycotoxin-binding preparations was determined under laboratory conditions using the adsorption isotherm method. All experiments were conducted in eight replicates. The results showed that the highest adsorption efficiency of deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1, and zearalenone (ZEA) was observed under acidic conditions (pH 3). The highest sorption of DON, ZEA, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) was achieved by sorbent No. 1 (containing 33% MOS and 25% β-glucans), especially at pH 3. In addition, sorbent No. 1 demonstrated 100% binding of aflatoxin B1 across the entire pH range studied (pH 3, 5, and 7), indicating the stability of its adsorption properties. In contrast, sorbents No. 2 and 3 exhibited relatively low and unstable activity against fumonisin B1; at pH 7, the values ranged from 0.4% to 2.8% The results obtained indicate that sorbent No. 1 can be considered the most versatile and effective for binding the major mycotoxins evaluated in this study.