Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences

DIVERSITY OF FEEDSTUFF MYCOBIOME IS DETERMINED BY FEEDSTUFF COMPOSITION AND CULTURING CONDITIONS

Amira Ali El-Fallal — 2025-01-31

Fungal contamination of feedstuffs is a serious threat impacting domestic animals via the production of mycotoxins. This study surveys the mycobiome diversity of some Egyptian feedstuffs in relation to the type of feed and some culturing conditions viz. type of nutrient medium and incubation temperature. Poultry, rabbit and cattle feeds from the Nile Delta, Egypt were assayed for nutritional components and fungal contamination. Feed inoculants were incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar (MEA) at 25 °C and 30 °C to specify the appropriate culturing conditions for each feedstuff mycobiome. Poultry feed was relatively rich in protein, insoluble sugars and fat; cattle feed was rich in soluble sugars, fiber, moisture and ash; while rabbit feed had moderate composition. PDA rather than MEA favored maximal species richness, species diversity and germ load of feedstuffs. Despite its low fungal count, rabbit feed has high species diversity and species richness but cattle feed exhibited the opposite pattern. The most dominant fungal division was the Ascomycota, particularly Aspergillus spp. and Monascus ruber, followed by Zygomycota with a rarity of Basidiomycota. Some fungal species were confined to certain feedstuffs. The three fungal divisions exhibited different preferences for incubation temperature and nutrient medium. The low moisture content and fungal load refer to the hygienic nature of feedstuffs. Nevertheless, the prevalence of Aspergillus species points to a potential mycotoxin production. Each feedstuff has a unique fungal community, which is further screened by the culturing conditions. The species diversity and species richness of a feedstuff might contrast its fungal count. This study pays attention towards the consequences of seeping of mycotoxins, produced by the feed-born fungi, into the food chain from domestic animals to the humans.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL METABOLITES PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM SOILS IN AL-AHSA, SAUDI ARABIA

Hawraa Al-Abdulsalam — 2025-02-03

The current study aims to isolate and test microorganisms from soils in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, for their antibiotic-producing ability. A total of fourteen bacterial isolates were obtained from six locations, including poultry house soil, Al-Asfar Lake soil, Nada dairy products farm soil, the rhizosphere of Prosopis farcta in Ayen Al-Harrah, Circular Road desert soil, and Al-Uqair beach soil. Screening revealed antibacterial activity in six of the fourteen isolates against specific pathogens. Notably, Salmonella enterica was inhibited by isolates NP1 and NP2. Additionally, NY1 inhibited NY2 and NP2, NN1 inhibited NN2, NH1 inhibited NH2, and NC1 inhibited NC2. Morphological and biochemical differences were observed among the isolates. The disc diffusion method indicated a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.78 – 12.5 µg/μl for the antibiotic-producing isolates. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of these isolates revealed several secondary metabolites from various chemical classes, including cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-, cycloheptasiloxane, tetracadmethyl, and phenol 2,2'-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-], which may inhibit harmful microorganisms. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene sequencing showed that most isolates belonged to the genera Bacillus and Alcaligenes. NP1 exhibited 98.76% sequence similarity to Bacillus subtilis strain HAU427, while NP2 showed 99.65% homology with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Isolates NY1, NN1, and NC2 were closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis, whereas NY2, NN2, and NH2 resembled Bacillus pumilus. NH1 was similar to Bacillus cereus (97.41%), and NC1 closely matched Alcaligenes sp.. The ability of these soil-derived bacterial isolates to inhibit multiple bacterial strains at low concentrations suggests their potential as a source of antibacterial agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON POTATO CULTIVATION: EXPLORING HYDROABSORBENTS AND PGPRS AS SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVES

Nadia El Allaoui — 2025-01-31

Potatoes, a widely grown and consumed food around the world, are increasingly facing drought-related challenges. Due to their sensitivity to water availability and shallow roots, prolonged periods of drought have a significant impact on potato growth and yield. To mitigate these effects, the use of water absorbents, also known as water-retaining polymers, is proving to be a promising solution. These substances have the ability to absorb water and release it gradually into the soil, ensuring a constant water supply for the potatoes. At the same time, the presence of beneficial rhizobacteria, especially PGPRs, plays a crucial role in enhancing plant growth, controlling diseases and pathogens affecting potato production, and helping the crop cope with drought stress. A comprehensive study conducted at three different sites in Morocco with different climatic conditions, encompassing a greenhouse and field settings respectively, investigated the effect of two bacterial strains, Pseudomonas koreensis (GAJ222) and Serratia nematodiphila (GAB111), with two doses of hydroabsorbents (3 g and 1.5 g) on the potato variety Agria. The results indicated that the combination of Serratia nematodiphila with 3 g of hydroabsorbents significantly improved growth and yield. Furthermore, treatment with Serratia nematodiphila alone enhanced growth, reaching 51.9 cm, and the application of 3 g of hydroabsorbents promoted robust growth with a chlorophyll concentration of 15 SPAD units. The combined treatment of Serratia nematodiphila and 3 g of water retainers demonstrated a harmonious improvement, with a height of 59.2 cm, and significantly increased tuber yield to 17.1 kg, surpassing yields from the control group. This highlights the potential of these combinations to optimize potato production under drought conditions.

PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES INFECTING SALMONELLA SP. CAUSE OF FOODBORNE DISEASE

Erlia Narulita — 2025-02-14

Salmonella sp. resistance against various antibiotics is one of the current health problems. An alternative to dealing with Salmonella sp. is using a bacteriophage-based biocontrol. In this study, the isolation of bacteriophages originated from Kencong and Puger areas in Jember Regency East Java, which was prone to food poisoning cases. Eleven bacteriophages were isolated from washing-water samples (φSC1, φSC2, φSC3, φSC4, φSC5), food samples (φSM1, φSM2, φSM3), and fish-waste samples (φSUT, φSP1, φSP2). The result showed that φSC3, φSC4, φSC5, and φSM1 have broad infection capabilities to the genera of Salmonella, Escherichia, and Staphylococcus. All isolates were classified as bacteriophages with DNA nucleic acids. The TEM morphological observations indicated that φSC4 isolates belong to the Podoviridae while φSP1 isolates belong to the Myoviridae. These results suggest that the phages could potentially be used for biocontrol purposes. However, further characterization, viability measurement and activity are needed before their use in food applications against foodborne pathogens.

EFFECT OF MUSHROOM EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF ISOLATED LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND IMMOBILIZATION AS BIO−BEADS GEL

Nutthawut Meesilp — 2025-02-27

Bacteria membered in lactic acid producing group containing many dominant properties can be applied in diverse fields. This research was aimed to select effective lactic acid bacterial strains and enhanced their growth with mushroom extracts. Fermented vegetable samples were used as a source to achieve lactic acid bacteria by isolating on MRS medium. Fifteen isolates were lactic producing bacteria that exhibited clear zone around their colony on medium. Bacterial isolates FV2, FV4, and FV14 have produced the highest lactic acid content in quantitative investigation. In addition, FV2 and FV4 have been found the ability to suppress growth of pathogenic bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus, with the highest inhibitory activity at 200 AU/mL. Isolates FV2 and FV4 have been classified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FV2 and Pediococcus pentosaceus FV4 based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Mushroom extracts of Pleurotus pulmonarius and Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) have been discovered oligosaccharide, and antioxidants activity, including the property to support the growth and lactic acid production of L. plantarum FV2 and P. pentosaceus FV4. High survival of lactic acid bacteria within bio−bead gel structure have been found more than naked cell under strong acid condition, including storage at 4 ^°C up to 28 days. Bio−bead gels containing lactic acid bacteria and mushroom extracts could be applied as the starter culture to produce fermented milk that they promoted coagulation of milk protein, high lactic acid bacteria, and antioxidant activity.

EFFICACY OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI, LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM AND BIFIDOBACTERIUM BIFIDIUM INDIVIDUALLY AND COLLECTIVELY AS CONSORTIA IN THE BIODEGRADATION OF AZO DYES; CARMOISINE AND TARTRAZINE

Rimjhim Pathak — 2025-02-17

This study explores the influence of various probiotic bacterial strains on the degradation of two common synthetic azo dyes, Carmoisine and Tartrazine. The experiment focuses on the impact of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and as consortium of these strains on the degradation of Carmoisine and Tartrazine. The investigation revealed differential responses in the degradation of these dyes Carmoisine and Tartrazine. The findings suggest that the probiotic strains studied hold the potential to effectively degrade Carmoisine but may have limited impact on Tartrazine degradation. Given the widespread usage of these dyes in various applications, these results could have implications for human health and environmental safety and contribute to minimizing food safety and environmental risks.

UNVEILING A THERMO-ALKALIPHILIC BACTERIAL ISOLATE AS POTENTIAL LIPASE PRODUCER FROM LOCAL WATERBODY, KOCHARVA, VAPI, INDIA: MEDIA OPTIMIZATION STUDIES

APARNA JITESH TAILOR — 2025-02-13

Our study reports thermo-alkaliphilic bacterial isolate C-1, with lipolytic potential, obtained from a local water body, located in Kocahrva village, Vapi, Gujarat, India, loaded with industrial effluents, identified as Bacillus subtilis, based on biochemical and molecular characterization (GenBank Accession no. MN068818). The present study is directed towards media parameters optimization for Bacillus subtilis C-1 lipase productio, using Plackett-Burman Design and response surface methodology. Various media variables viz., glucose, olive oil, MgSO₄, ammonium chloride, KH₂PO₄, peptone, tryptone, and CaCl₂ were tested using 16 runs design. In accordance with the Pareto chart, glucose, peptone, MgSO₄ and CaCl₂ were significant factors. The maximum lipase activity obtained was 21.48 Enzyme Units (EU)/ml. These significant media variables were further optimized for concentration, using randomized Central Composite Design, prepared using Design Expert (v.12.0.1). The lipolytic activity increased to 32.1 EU/ml, which was 1.49 times greater, with 3 gm% glucose, 3.5 gm/L peptone and 0.5 gm/L MgSO₄. Biochemical characterization of partially purified C-1 lipase, demonstrated optimum pH 10.0 and optimum temperature for 55^oC. Hence, it was accomplished that Bacillus subtilis C-1 strain can be a prospective lipase source for large scale production.

EVALUATION OF THE PROTEOLYTIC AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF THISTLE HONEY

Enas A. Al-Zeidaneen — 2025-02-14

Functional food plays a vital role in promoting human health. Honey is one of these foods that have high nutritional value and medicinal properties. The main aim of this study is to investigate the total content of proteins, phenols and carotenoids in thistle honey extract and to evaluate the biological activities. In addition, to investigate the proteolytic activity of the extract and whether it contains inhibitors for other proteolytic enzymes. Casein was used as a substrate for the proteolytic analysis and for the determination of kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) of the extract. Melissopalynological results showed that the honey samples have different plant origins, and this explains the different chemical contents and biological activities of thistle extract. It was found that the extract contained considerable amounts of carotenoids, proteins, and phenolic compounds. In addition, the extract exhibited 72.33%, 54.422%, and 63.599% of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic potentials, respectively. Furthermore, results revealed that the extract of thistle honey had proteolytic activity using casein as a substrate and performed an activation effect on the therapeutic enzymes, namely, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain. Thistle honey extract was of high nutritional and therapeutic value. This attribute grants it suitability for inclusion in a wide array of pharmaceutical formulations and for the prophylaxis of numerous autoimmune and chronic disorders.

CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D2 ABSORPTION AND EFFECT ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION OF MILK

Ravinder Kaushik — 2025-02-03

Micronutrient fortified milk was developed and its bioavailability using in-vivo (rats) and in-vitro gastrointestinal simulated method was determined. In in-vivo studies, rats fed with fortified milk powders and its effect on nitrogen utilization indices were determined. Results showed that both calcium citrate and calcium phosphate showed similar absorption in all treatment groups viz. calcium, vitamin D₂ and calcium+vitamin D₂ groups. Vitamin D increased calcium absorption when fortified singly and in combination with both calcium salts. The weight of rats increased after every interval of week in comparison to day 0. The calcium and vitamin D fortified group showed significantly (p<0.05) highest protein efficiency ratio followed by vitamin D fortified group, calcium fortified group and control. Similar trend observed in net protein utilization and digestibility coefficient, however, both nutrient fortified group showed significantly (p<0.05) higher biological value than other three groups. Vitamin D has positive effect on protein digestibility indices; calcium has no or slight effect, whereas, when fortified in combination rats showed higher nitrogen utilization.

DETERMINATION OF PECTIN METHYLESTERASE ACTIVITY OF PRICKLY PEAR (OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA) FRUIT AND ITS KINETIC PARAMETERS

Salih Aksay — 2025-02-27

The prickly pears (Opuntia ficus indica) belonging to the Cactaceae family are grown in arid and semi-arid regions and harvested in summer to fall season in the Mediterranean basin, the United States, and South America. Besides having pleasure flavor, high betalain pigment, vitamin C, mineral content, and amino acids such as proline and taurine are made prickly pear as very useful functional food or food ingredient. In this study, biochemical properties (optimum temperature, optimum pH, the maximum reaction rate (Vmax), substrate specificity (Km), and thermal stability) of the Pectin methylesterase (PME) obtained by partial purification from prickly pear were investigated. PME activity was measured by titremetric method and apple pectin was used as substrate for calculations. The enzyme has optimum activity at pH 7.0 and an optimum temperature of 40 °C. Km and Vmax values of the enzyme were calculated as 0.162 mg/mL and 3.05 units/mL, respectively. Activation energy (Ea) and value of Z are calculated as 57.86 kj.mol^-1 and 41.32 °C, respectively. In thermal inactivation studies at 70, 80, and 90 °C reaction rate constants (k) were found as 0.16, 0.23, and 0.50 min^-1, thermal half-life times (t_1/2) were calculated as 4.35, 3.08, and 1.42 min, and decimal reduction time (D-value) was calculated as 14.44, 10.25 and 4.74 min, respectively. In addition, by analyzing the biochemical properties of the PME enzyme found in prickly pear fruit, researchers expect to gain insights into the ideal processing temperature and other factors that impact the quality of the fruit when it is processed into different food products.

POSSIBILITIES OF INCORPORATION OF BY-PRODUCTS FROM MALT PRODUCTION INTO BAKERY PRODUCTS

Miriam Solgajová — 2025-02-12

The greatest attention has been paid to the utilization of plant resources resulting from the by-products of the food industry. This research was focused on the development of a fortified durable pastry where wheat flour type T-650 was replaced by homogenised spent malt rootlets in different substitution levels of 5%, 10% and 15%. Such incorporation not only minimizes waste and utilizes potentially valuable by-products of malt production but may also contribute to increasing the nutritional value of the final product. The results showed that with increasing addition of malt rootlets in the mixture with wheat flour, some technological parameters (gluten content and its quality, Zeleny's sedimentation test, Falling Number) decreased. Substitution levels of 5% and 10% gave acceptable pastry of higher contents of protein and ash. With the addition of malt rootlets, the ash content significantly (p < 0.05) increased (1.86% - 2.39%) as well as the crude protein content (9.12% - 10.06%) thus increasing the nutritional value of the durable pastry. Pastry with a higher proportion of malt rootlets (10% and 15%) achieved increased dry matter content, confirmed by the results of water activity, which was reduced, contributing to the prolongation of the pastry shelf-life. Based on the sensory evaluation, the replacement of wheat flour with malt rootlets up to 5 - 10% improved the sensory properties of pastry in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, and overall acceptability. This research shows the potential of using malt rootlets as a by-product in the food industry in terms of added value in the production of innovative food products.

THE INORGANIC COMPONENTS CONTENT IN RAW-COOKED MEAT PRODUCTS ENHANCED WITH THE GRAPE POMACE

Tomáš Tóth — 2025-02-05

Antioxidant nature stands out as the main bioactive property of grape pomace, which is attributed to their rich phenolic composition. Apart of phenolic compounds, grape pomace also represents an abundant source of mineral substances. Mineral compounds perform a variety of vital physiological tasks, including the regulation of acid-base balance, osmotic pressure, adrenal gland function, proper cardiac action, and protein and carbohydrate metabolism. In our study we evaluated micro- and macroelement profile of pork sausages enhanced with grape pomace extract and powder obtained from two different varieties – Cabernet Franc and Merlot. The highest sodium (Na) level (4869.20 mg/kg) was found in sausages with the addition of Merlot grape pomace, albeit in the form of an extract. The Ca content varied from 60.90 to 95.60 mg/kg, with sample with Cabernet Franc powder (CF-P) addition having the highest concentration. Sample with Merlot powder addition (M-P) had the highest magnesium (Mg) (106.7 mg/kg) and phosphorus (P) (2718.3 mg/kg) levels. Samples examined in our study were absent from highly hazardous elements - lead (Pb) or cadmium (Cd). Based on our findings we believe grape pomace could be an interesting source of mineral substances for enhanced meat products, however, further multidisciplinary study, including food safety, toxicology, or sensory analysis, is still needed.

EXTRACTION OF FREE AND BOUND POLYPHENOLS FROM BRANS OF SORGHUM BICOLOR USING DIFFERENT SOLVENTS

Robert Nagy — 2025-02-11

Sorghum is a drought tolerant, gluten–free cereal, which is known for the abundance of polyphenol compounds, including flavonoids. It is proved that these compounds have important health benefits as antioxidants and anti–inflammatory agents. They are found in seed walls in a free form or in a bound, esterified form, which affects their digestion and utilization. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate the ratio of free and bound polyphenols in sorghum brans extracted with different solvents, and see how the extraction step can influence the physiology importance of a sorghum extract. Solvents had significant effects on the polyphenol and flavonoid content of free polyphenol extracts, but there was not any difference in terms of their antioxidant activities. In case of bound fractions from different extractions, there were significant differences in all parameters, except for the flavonoid content. Correlation analysis showed strong connection between parameters, and there were differences in correlation between extraction. Among the two varieties, Alföldi1 had significantly higher content of total phenol, flavonoid and higher values of antioxidant capacity as well compared to Zádor in both extractions. In this research only the effect of the extraction solvent was evaluated, but further investigation is necessary to specify more extraction factors. This research aimed to emphasize the importance of extractant selection in determination of bioactive compounds from plants. Our results highlights that selecting the proper extractant is essential for determination of total polyphenolic content, however, the analysis if antioxidant power is not sensitive for extraction agents.

EFFECT OF SWEETENERS AND NON-TRADITIONAL FLOURS ON SENSORY ACCEPTABILITY AND GLYCEMIC INDEX OF BISCUITS

Lenka Havlová — 2025-02-03

Nowadays, food manufacturers are trying to include alternative sweeteners in their product formulations because they are perceived by consumers as preferable to sugar, which plays an important role in the development of civilisation diseases such as diabetes and obesity. One possible indicator of the suitability of a food regarding the prevention and treatment of these diseases may be the glycemic index value, which in bakery products may also be influenced by the type of flour used. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of sweeteners (sugar, aspartame-acesulfame, Stevia) and non-traditional flours on the sensory acceptability and glycemic index of biscuits. Both quantitative and hedonic descriptors were assessed by panellists (n = 14). Using quantitative descriptive and hedonic analysis, it was found that the use of alternative flours was only appropriate up to 15% replacement of wheat flour. Biscuit samples sweetended by sugar performed above average in the overall evaluation. The results also showed that flaxseed flour was rated better than hemp flour, which in addition showed the least suitable combination with stevia sweetener. The use of flaxseed flour in combination with the sweetener aspartame-acesulfame appeared to be less acceptable. The glycemic index was determined using the GOPOD test kit and the results showed that none of the flax and hemp flour additions had a significant (p > 0.05) effect on the glycemic index value, nor did the sweeteners used.

STUDYING THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PHYCOERYTHRIN TO INCREASE THE SHELF LIFE OF HAMBURGERS AT REFRIGERATOR TEMPERATURE

Musa Behjati — 2025-02-11

Cyanobacteria represent promising sources of active biochemical compounds and natural products with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The present study investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities of phycoerythrin (PE) from Nostoc sp., used it to coat hamburger samples with 40%, 75%, and 95% meat, and examined the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the hamburger samples over 21 days. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of phycoerythrin was 2.71±0.03 mg/mL using the DPPH method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PE against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly higher, and in Bacillus subtilis and then Bacillus cereus, it was noticeably lower than the other samples (p≤0.05). Also, PE did not show a lethal effect against any bacteria (p≤0.05). Findings indicated that no significant variations were seen in the inhibition zone diameter of PE against the examined bacteria (p˂0.05). In both the investigated temperatures and in all the time intervals, the maximum and minimum of the thiobarbituric acid and peroxide values, total bacterial counts for mesophilic, psychrophilic, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and total mold and yeast observed in codes 5 and 2, respectively. In hamburger samples containing identical meat percentages, the incorporation of PE resulted in a significant enhancement of antioxidant activity (p≤0.05).

COMBINED EFFECTS OF VACUUM PACKAGING AND MORINGA LEAF POWDER ON THE QUALITY AND STORABILITY OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) PICKLE DURING STORAGE

Rafia Akter — 2025-02-17

The phytochemical profile of moringa leaf and the combined effects of moringa leaf powder (MLP) with vacuum packaging on the biochemical, bacteriological and sensory attributes of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pickle during storage at room temperature (25 ± 5 ℃) for a period of 42 days were investigated. There were four treatments, such as control 1 (untreated; air pack), control 2 (untreated; vacuum pack), treatment 1 (1% MLP with vacuum packaging) and treatment 2 (2% MLP with vacuum packaging). The HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analysis showed the presence of several phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acids and quercetins in moringa leaf. During the storage period, MLP treated pickles exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH, total volatile basic nitrogen, free fatty acids, total viable count, and psychrotrophic bacterial count than the untreated pickles. Moreover, both MLP treated pickles had acceptable sensory characteristics up to 35 days of storage followed by control 2 (28 days) and control 1 (21 days) pickles. Findings of this research demonstrated that 1% MLP treated pickle with vacuum packaging delayed the quality deterioration and extended the shelf life for 14 and 7 days longer than control 1 and control 2, respectively during storage at room temperature. In conclusion, moringa leaf powder could be used as a natural additive of Nile tilapia pickles under vacuum packaging conditions to obtain better quality and storability during storage.

EMERGENCE OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM Β-LACTAMASE (ESBL) PRODUCING AND COLISTIN-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE IN MILK AND SOME DAIRY PRODUCTS: MICROBIAL SAFETY AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Reem Aboul Ezz — 2025-02-13

Milk and dairy products are crucial component of the Egyptian daily diet. A major concern in the 21^st century is the contamination of dairy products with microorganisms that convey antimicrobial-resistant genes (ARGs), particularly extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and colistin genes. Therefore, this study investigated the total viable count, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, total Staphylococci, and aerobic spore formers in 90 samples of raw milk, Baladi yoghurt, and white soft cheese (30 of each). Coupled with the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the ESBL-producing and colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains. The incidences of aerobic spore formers, Staphylococci, and Enterobacteriaceae were 100, 100, 83% ;100, 67, 100% and 100, 63, 33% in milk, Baladi yoghurt, and white soft cheese, respectively. The phenotypic screening of the identified Enterobacteriaceae isolates (n=136) revealed that 80.8% (n=110) were ESBL-producing, while merely 2.9% were colistin resistant. Genotypic analysis revealed that bla_CTX-Mand bla_SHV were presented in 99% of the identified isolates, although bla_TEM was only present in 84.5% of them. Interestingly, the bla_OXA gene was not detected. Notably, all phenotypically colistin resistant isolates harboured mcr-1 gene. Those findings indicated that milk and dairy products can help in spreading of beta-lactam resistant bacteria, emphasizing the importance of further research to mitigate them in the dairy sector.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, POLYPHENOL AND ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT OF THREE STRAWBERRY SPECIES (FRAGARIA X ANANASSA DUCHESNE EX ROZIER, FRAGARIA VESCA L., AND FRAGARIA MOSCHATA WESTON)

Vladimíra Horčinová Sedláčková — 2025-01-30

Fragaria L. species are popularly known as garden-grown (F. x ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) or wild (F. moschata Weston and F. vesca L.) plants with biologically active compounds directly responsible for the high antioxidant potential. This work aimed to determine the total polyphenol compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity of different extracts of Fragaria spp. full ripened fruits and comparative evaluation of plant raw depending on their origin. The berries were collected from Belgium (Namur), Hungary (Kisbér), Poland (Krakow), Slovakia (Bodovka, Ľubochňa, Trenčin, Trenčianske Jastrabie) and studied in 2023. It was conducted the total content of polyphenol compounds (by Folin-Ciocalteu method), anthocyanins (based on reducing the pH value of the extract), and antioxidant activity (by DPPH assay (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)) in methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and acetone solutions. Based on experiments the most abundant polyphenols and anthocyanins in the ripening fruits were in both wild species (F. vesca – 4505.76 mg.kg^-1 FW of polyphenols; 258.04 mg.kg^-1 FW of anthocyanins; F. moschata – 5443.01 mg.kg^-1 FW of polyphenols; 228.69 mg.kg^-1 FW of anthocyanins) in comparison of garden-grown species (F. x ananassa) which obtained significantly lower values in all samples. The lowest values in both parameters were measured in the Slovakian sample from Trenčianske Jastrabie (F. x ananassa – 2427.22 mg.kg^-1 FW of polyphenols; 86.19 mg.kg^-1 FW of anthocyanins). Between the lowest and highest values are percentage differences of more than 50% in both analyses. The extracts of F. vesca and F. moschata fruits were eﬀective radical scavengers against radicals DPPH (53.92% and 87.17%, respectively) in comparison to F. x ananassa samples (27.21% 5FE – 52.58% 2FA). Investigated Fragaria spp. are a valuable source of antioxidants and experimental results can be used in further biochemical, pharmacological, and nutraceutical research for practice usage.

EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PUNICA GRANATUM L. PEEL EXTRACTS

Renu Jaisinghani — 2025-02-11

Fruit wastes rich in bioactive compounds are increasingly recognized for their potential in various product formulations. The significant global demand for pomegranates and the considerable waste produced during their processing highlights the importance to evaluate the properties of pomegranate peel. The study focuses on a comprehensive phytochemical analysis of pomegranate peel, and its antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Pomegranate peel water extract (POWE) and ethanol extract (POEE) were analyzed using High Resolution Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Quadrupole Time of Flight (HRLCMS-QTOF) in both positive and negative ion modes. HRLCMS-QTOF identified 98 distinct compounds in POEE and 91 in POWE, with phenolic and polyphenolic compounds being prominent, along with significant amounts of lipid derivatives, organic acid derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The total polyphenol content was higher in POEE (390.05 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g) compared to POWE (330.25 ±1.4 mg GAE/g), and both extracts demonstrated good antioxidant activity. Both POWE and POEE exhibited similar antibacterial activities with MIC and MBC values ranging between 10 and 40 mg/mL, against tested organisms. Overall, the results indicate that pomegranate peel extracts have significant potential as natural antioxidant and antibacterial agent, which may find applications in formulation of industrial products and functional foods.

PUBLICATION TRENDS IN RADIOTHERAPY AND FEMALE INFERTILITY: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY

Shubhadeep Roychoudhury — 2025-02-12

A common cancer treatment, radiotherapy, has deleterious effects on reproductive health, especially by decreasing the capacity for conception. The objective of this study was to analyze the research trend associated with radiotherapy and female infertility until June 2023. SCOPUS database was utilized to obtain pertinent scientometric information (annual publications, affiliations, journals, countries, document types, and research areas) for various radiotherapy subgenres and female infertility. A total of 910 articles were published related to radiotherapy and female infertility, with the United States of America (USA) leading the way in research output in this field. Over the years, radiotherapy and female infertility research have shown positive progress. In-depth analysis revealed that publications (n) related to radiotherapy and female infertility research mainly focused on its impact on ovarian tissue (n = 574) and fertility preservation techniques (n = 390). These scientometric results highlight a limited research focus on the field of radiotherapy and its impact on female reproductive hormones and female accessory reproductive organs. Furthermore, a significant lack of research has been noted in omics and female reproductive organs linked to radiotherapy. Extensive scientific research is necessary to further unravel the impact of radiotherapy on female infertility at the molecular level.

IMPACT OF PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES AND PRE-FERMENT MACERATION TIME ON THE QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS OF MUSTS AND ROSÉ WINES

Adrian Selnekovic — 2025-02-11

Pre-ferment maceration is a technological process that improves the aromatic and gustatory profile of the wine and increases its archiving potential. The aim of the work was to evaluate the influence of pre-ferment maceration length on sensory and analytical parameters in rosé wines from vintage 2022. In the experiment, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes from the Slovak wine-growing village of Mužla were used. Pre-ferment maceration was not used in the control variant. . In variants A and B, one-hour pre-ferment maceration was used. In variants C and D, two hours of pre-ferment maceration was used. In variants B and D, pectolytic enzymes were added. The use of pectolytic enzymes causes a demonstrable increase in pH in the resulting wine. Variants with longer maceration and the control variant had a demonstrably higher content of total acids than variants with shorter maceration. The highest content of acetic acid (0.25 g/l) was found in the variant with longer maceration and without the use of enzymes. The lowest content of acetic acid (0.20 g/l) was detected in the control variant and variants with a shorter maceration time. Wines with one-hour maceration contained less malic acid compared to variants with longer maceration or variants without maceration. In the content of tartaric acid, the lowest content was observed in variant A (5.20 g/l), while the highest content was in variant C and in the control variant (5.70 g/l). The overall sensory evaluation of the wines was as follows: the best-rated variant was variant B, which reached 86 points from 100-point OIV scale; the worst-rated variant was variant A, with 81.23 points. Based on the results, we recommend an optimal pre-ferment maceration time of 1 hour using pectolytic enzymes.

THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF TRAMETES VERSICOLOR MYCELIA IN SUBMERGED CULTIVATION

Tetiana Ivanova — 2025-02-17

Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd is a wood-decaying medicinal fungus belonging to the division Basidiomycota. Mycelial mass of T. versicolor IBK 353 was obtained after submerged cultivation on a liquid medium with waste bread (breadcrumb) and complex glucose-yeast medium with beer wort. The chemical composition and nutritional value of mycelia depended on the medium for cultivation. The ash, crude protein, and crude fat contents were 3.8, 1.6, and 1.4 higher correspondingly in mycelium cultivated on complex glucose-yeast medium with beer wort than on breadcrumb. The protein in T. versicolor IBK 353 mycelia contained 34-37 % of essential amino acids, and lipids comprised 60-76 % of unsaturated fatty acids. T. versicolor IBK 353 dry mycelia were enriched in folates, and 100 g contained a daily recommended dose of riboflavin and 81-100% of niacin. Mycelia of T. versicolor grown on two investigated media as a source of biologically active substances may serve to create functional foods and dietary substances.

EVALUATION OF T LYMPHOCYTE AND REGULATORY T CELL EXPRESSION IN WISTAR RAT POST 90 DAYS OF CHERAL® ADMINISTRATION ORALLY

Moh Dliyauddin — 2025-02-13

This study aimed to assess the impact of administering Cheral^® (Curcuma longa and Phyllanthus niruri) on the expression of T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. The research was conducted in vivo using 24 healthy female Wistar rats, which were categorized into four treatment groups: normal (control), dose 1 (156.25 mg/Kg BW), dose 2 (312.5 mg/Kg BW), and dose 3 (468.75 mg/Kg BW). The rats were orally administered Cheral^® for a period of 90 days. T lymphocytes and regulatory T cell profiles were analyzed using flow cytometry. The data obtained were subsequently subjected to analysis using SPSS software with One-way ANOVA and Post hoc tests (p-value <0.05). The profiles of T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells following Cheral^® administration exhibited diverse outcomes when compared to the normal group. Specifically, dose 2 led to a significant increase in CD4, while dose 1 resulted in a significant increase in CD8. However, the profile of regulatory T cells after Cheral^® administration did not exhibit any significant differences when compared to the control group. In conclusion, this research indicates that the compounds present in Cheral^® have the potential to modulate the immune system through their effects on T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells.

POWERFUL ANTIFUNGAL NANOCOMPOSITE FROM AMLA-SYNTHESIZED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND NANOCHITOSAN TO PROTECT STRAWBERRY FROM GRAY MOLD

Ahmed Tayel — 2025-01-31

Strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa) are very perishable and susceptible to fungal deterioration, mainly by Botrytis cinerea (grey mold). The amla (Phyllanthus emblica) fruits’ extract (AmE) was employed for biosynthesizing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their nanoconjugates with nanochitosan (NCT) were constructed, characterized and assessed as potential antifungal composites to control B. cinerea and suppress grey mold development in strawberry fruits. The AmE- synthesized SeNPs had mean diameter of 10.23 nm; their nanoconjugates with NCT were validated using UV analysis, electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The NCT/AmE/SeNPs nanoconjugates had mean diameters of 132.71, 135.18 and 149.37 nm for the formulations T1 (2NCT:1AmE/SeNPs), T2 (1NCT:1AmE/SeNPs) and T3 (1NCT:2AmE/SeNPs), respectively. The treatment of B. cinerea with fabricated nanocomposites led to severe distortion and lysis of fungal mycelium throughout treatment for 30 h; T2 formulation was the most powerful followed by T1 formulation. Coating of experimentally infected strawberry fruits with NCT/AmE/SeNPs nanoconjugates could uphold the freshness and natural appearance of fruits for more than 10 days at 27±2 °C and 90% relative humidity. The fabrication and application of NCT/AmE/SeNPs could be promisingly advised as effective edible antifungal agent to control gray mold infection of crops.

IN-VITRO PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF SOLID LIPID NANOPARTICLES AND CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES EITHER SINGLY OR LOADED WITH CIPROFLOXACIN ANTIBIOTIC AS NANODRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Sara Mahmoud Sabry — 2025-01-31

Engineered nanomaterials have been used increasingly in the medecinal field to improve drug delivery efficacy in the healthcare field because of their unique physicochemical characteristics. In the current study, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were synthesized by polymerization of methacrylic acid in chitosan solution. Meanwhile, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) were synthesized by using the hot homogenization method. Chitosan nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles either singly or loaded with ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic were characterized using morphological, physical, chemical, electrical and biological methods. Both chitosan nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles had spherical shape meanwhile, the size was range from 50.96 nm to 108.42 nm for chitosan nanoparticles and 107 nm for solid lipid nanoparticles, and retained the properties of the drug after loading. The size of both nanomaterials was increased after loading with ciprofloxacin by 145.5% and 49.66 %, respectively. Both prepared nanomaterials offered controlled drug release after 12 hrs Antibacterial activity of solid lipid nanoparticles and chitosan nanoparticles either singly or loaded with ciprofloxacin was evaluated against Salmonella enteritidis as a Gram-ve bacterial strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each prepared nanodrugs against Salmonella enteritidis was determined as 0.0002 mg ml^-1 and the antibacterial effect of either nanomaterials, antibiotic singly or loaded with antibiotic as nanodrug delivery systems showed significant variable higher increase in inhibition rate of the pathogen. The following sequence of the treatment: CSNPs-CIP; 2.0 mg ml^-1 > SLNPs-CIP; 2.0 mg ml^-1 > control (CIP; 2.0 mg ml^-1) > SLNPs-CIP; 0.2 mg ml^-1 > CSNPs-CIP; 0.002 mg ml^-1 was displayed with respect to percent change inhibition effect on bacterial pathogen. In conclusion, we recommended an intensive work on the biosafety of using nanomaterials as nanodrug delivery systems for treatment of infectious diseases.

FAGOPYRUM SPP FINGERPRINT VARIABILITY USING THE ALLERGEN CODING SEQUENCES

Jana Ziarovska — 2025-02-17

Buckwheat is one of the plant that possess a high nutrient benefits when used as human food. Up to now, different DNA markers were used to describe intra- and interspecie variability of this plants. Here, BBAP (Bet v 1 amplified polymorphism), PBAP (Profilin based amplified polymorphism) and VBAP (Vicilin based amplified polymor-phism) methods were applied to analyse their ability to distinguish the varieties and genotypes of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. For all of them, polymorphic profiles were obtained with diversity index ranged from 0.87 u to the 0.91. The ability of the primers to distinguish among the analysed varieties and genotypes was highest for BBAP. None of the applied marker techniques was specific for analysed buckwheat species.

RECENT ADVANCES IN AZITHROMYCIN REMOVAL THROUGH THE BIOCHAR

Nijendra Pratap Singh — 2025-02-13

Azithromycin contamination is one of the environmental concerns worldwide and it has been included in the EU's watch list for emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. It is imperative to decrease azithromycin's environmental footprint from the environment in sustainable ways. Azithromycin remediation can be carried out either by adsorption through biochar or microbial degradation. Biochar-based adsorbents are produced using various feedstocks, including waste products. The use of biochar for contaminants removal is an economic and environmentally sustainable approach. Biochar adsorption mechanism involves surface complexation, weak van der Waals’ forces, π-π bonding, electrostatic interactions, and H-bonding. Physico-chemical properties of biochar affect the adsorption and removal of azithromycin. Several chemical, thermal, electrochemical, and microwave-aided regeneration methods being used for recycling biochar those are essential for the cost-effectiveness of the process. This also fits with worldwide tendencies toward sustainable development and a circular economy. The latest research on the elimination of azithromycin by using biochars has been discussed in this review.

THE ENHANCING OF ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIVIRAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND PRO-OXIDANT ACTIVITY IN SELECTED PLANT EXTRACTS USING INNOVATIVE MULTIFACTORIAL EXTRACTION AS A BASE FOR NEW FOOD ADDITIVES

Tibor Maliar — 2025-02-27

An original engine has been developed for the frugal extraction of plant extractive compounds with an accelerating effect. It operates on the principle of simultaneously combining several physical factors (sonication, temperature, and electrical field) to promote extraction. By applying this engine, plant extract samples were obtained with significantly enhanced dry matter content as well as bioactivity, particularly in antioxidant, antibacterial, enzyme inhibition, and anti-inflammatory activities. This device was utilized in the process of preparing four selected extract samples, which exhibited significant simultaneous antibacterial activity, inhibition activity on the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, antioxidant activity, as well as anti-inflammatory activity. Particularly, these activities were expressed mainly in the following extract samples: from the bark of oak (Quercus robur, L.), the flower of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), grains of rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera,) and grains of oat (Avena sativa L.). The activity enhancement factor (coefficient) varied in the interval of (2.8 - 6.2). The extraction products were prepared for the development of new food supplements for pandemic situations, aimed at enhancing the body's defenses. The analytical aspects as well as elicitation perspectives for the continuing research are discussed.

EVALUATION OF YIELD AND WINE QUALITATIVE PARAMETERS FROM GRAPEVINES EXPRESSING FOLIAR SYMPTOMS OF GRAPEVINE TRUNK DISEASES IN SLOVAK CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Martin Janás — 2025-02-25

Grapevine trunk diseases represent a serious threat to viticulture, posing substantial challenges to the sustainability and productivity of vineyards. Fungal pathogens associated with the grapevine trunk diseases complex decompose the wood matter in grapevine trunks, leading to the disruption of vascular tissue integrity and the subsequent disruption of water and nutrient translocation within the plant. The aim of the work was to compare the yield and qualitative parameters of musts and wines from symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines. The grape originated from the Nitra wine-growing district, from varieties Riesling Italico and Cabernet Sauvignon, aged 17 years, were used. Grapes from symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevines were processed into must and wines. The differences in yield quantity and physicochemical parameters of must and wine were analysed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyse the physicochemical parameters. To test the statistical significance of the results, the Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) was applied. Symptomatic grapevines of Cabernet Sauvignon exhibited significantly lower cluster weight and yield compared to asymptomatic grapevines, with a decrease of 504.71 g per bush. For Riesling Italico, no significant difference in yield was found. The must from symptomatic grapevines had significantly lower total sugar content, with Cabernet Sauvignon showing a decrease of 51.29 g/L and Riesling Italico a decrease of 23.72 g/L, along with higher acidity in Cabernet Sauvignon (+1.54 g/L). These findings confirm that grapevine trunk diseases exert a detrimental effect on both yield and must quality, with notable variability observed between grape varieties.