Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences

EFFECT OF COLOURED WHEAT BRAN ADDED TO BISCUITS ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING STORAGE

Jana Doleželová — 2026-06-12

Increasing the fibre content in food has various forms, one option is to increase the content by adding fibre (bran) to bakery products such as biscuits. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of bran from coloured wheat flour on the storage time and the physical, chemical, and sensory properties of biscuits. Bran of coloured wheats (AF Jumiko, AF Oxana, Citrus x Bona Dea N-34 and AF Zora) was added in an amount of 20% to the standard wheat flour. Physical, chemical, and sensory characteristics of the biscuits produced were monitored, namely the dry matter, FRAP, polyphenols, DPPH, colour, and texture. These parameters were measured on day 1, after 14 days and after 28 days of storage. Supporting characterization of the biscuits was performed by determining the fibre, fat, protein, and ash content on day 1. Compared to the control the results confirmed a change in colour depending on the colour variety of wheat used and an increase in antioxidant properties and for some varieties also increasing of polyphenol content. As expected, there was also an increase in the fibre content of biscuits with the addition of bran.

IDENTIFICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN BASED ON QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN 100% COFFEA ARABICA GREEN BEANS

Alica Bobková — 2026-05-27

This study investigates green coffee beans' physicochemical properties and trace metal content from three major coffee-growing regions: America, Africa, and Asia. Results revealed that American beans had the highest dry matter content (92.00%), followed by African (91.58%) and Asian (91.06%) beans, with variations attributed to environmental factors and post-harvest practices. Water activity was lowest in African (0.47) and American (0.47) samples, suggesting microbial stability compared to Asian beans (0.544). Based on Anova we can see significantly higher differences in parameters water activity in Asian samples. The pH remained stable across all regions (5.75-5.76), indicating that pH is more influenced by genetic factors than environmental ones. Concentrations of nine trace elements were measured, with Pb and Cd being below detection limits in all samples, emphasizing coffee safety. Trace elements analysis using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and hierarchical clustering demonstrated (AHC) distinct regional differentiation based on metal profiles, particularly with Cu, Zn, and Cr. Water-soluble compound analysis revealed regional distinctions, with African samples showing higher variability. The correlation between bioactive compounds and trace metals indicated that elements such as Zn and Mn may enhance antioxidant activity, whereas excessive Cu could inhibit the biosynthesis of key antioxidants. These findings underscore the potential of using chemical profiles for origin authentication, quality control, and traceability in the coffee industry.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PHYCOERYTHRIN AND PHYCOCYANIN ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LOW-FAT MILK

Bahareh Nowruzi — 2026-07-24

In recent years, the replacement of synthetic preservatives with natural ones has gained attention due to concerns about their potential harms and the beneficial biological properties of natural preservatives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding natural pigments, phycocyanin (PC) and phycoerythrin (PE), extracted from the cyanobacteria Desmonostoc ablorizicum and Neowestiellopsis persica A1387, on the physicochemical properties, colorimetry, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity of samples. All tests were conducted on eight treatments: T1, T2, T3, and T4 with varying concentrations of PE (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and T5, T6, T7, and T8 with varying concentrations of PC (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%) over 28 days at different time intervals. Spectrophotometric results indicated that the highest concentration and purity of PE were achieved after 72 hours (p<0.05). Statistical analyses showed that, compared to treatments containing PC, those with PE exhibited significantly higher acidity and pH values (p<0.05). However, treatments and storage duration had no significant effect on Brix, fat, or protein content (p<0.05). Antioxidant activity, evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) And Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, revealed that samples with higher PE concentrations exhibited 1.27 and 1.20 times greater antioxidant activity compared to those with PC, respectively. Additionally, colorimetric analysis showed that adding PC and PE significantly reduced the brightness index (L*) while increasing the a* and b* indices of milk samples (p<0.05). The total color change index (ΔE) also indicated a significant increase in overall color variation in milk samples with added PC and PE (p<0.05). Microbial counts, including total microorganisms, Enterobacteriaceae, and Yeast showed the highest growth in control and T1 treatments and the lowest in treatments containing PC and PE (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation of overall acceptability demonstrated that adding PC and PE significantly improved the sensory acceptance of milk samples (p<0.05). Overall, this study suggests that PE and PC, due to their numerous properties such as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, can enhance the functional and safety characteristics of low-fat milk, demonstrating high potential for use in the dairy industry as safe and effective natural additives.

HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS IN MEDIUM ROASTED COFFEE HARVESTED FROM VARIOUS GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS

Alzbeta Demianova — 2026-05-27

The research is focused on GC-MS identification of heterocyclic compounds (HCCs) in commercially most accepted medium roasted specialty coffee beans from renowned harvesting sites from Africa and America and their precursors in green beans. Obtained GC-MS data showed the most abundant HCCs group in medium roasted coffee was furan derivates and pyrazine derivates, reaching an average of 24.17% in African samples, 22.27% in American samples, and 13.41% and 17.62%, respectively. Pyridine derivates reached similar concentrations, 5.02% in African and 5.27% in American samples. The least abundant group was pyrrole derivates, reaching only 2.79% in African and 1.91% in American samples. Pearson’s correlation proved weak positive correlations between all HCCs (furan derivates, pyrrole derivates, pyrazines derivates, and pyridine derivates) and volatiles hydrocarbons measured in green samples. Further correlation analysis proved the positive correlation between aldehydes, furanes, and pyrazines. However, Pearson’s correlation coefficient proved a weak correlation (0.273 – 0.455). ANOVA pointed out that after the roasting, only pyrazine derivates showed geographical dependence, suggesting there might be other precursors that need to be studied to better understand safety and quality issues from the perspective of origin and roasting of the commodity.

POTENTIAL OF MACROALGAE FROM TIDUNG ISLAND WATERS AS ACTIVE INGREDIENTS FOR FUNCTIONAL FOODS

Rini Susilowati — 2026-06-04

Macroalgae are valuable for functional foods due to their rich secondary metabolites which are greatly influenced by their environmental condition. This study evaluated the potential of Tidung Island’s macroalgae as a source of bioactive compounds for functional food ingredients. Seventeen macroalgae samples were collected from Tidung Besar (TB) and Tidung Kecil (TK), Kepulauan Seribu, representing Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae. The macroalgae were extracted using ethanol and analysed for their total phenol using Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, antibacterial using Resazurin-based Microtiter Dilution Assay, and anticancer activity using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Result showed that total phenolic content varied among species (39.85–122.26 mg GAE g⁻¹). Antioxidant activity ranged from 16.43–96.58 mg mL⁻¹, with Turbinaria ornata exhibiting the strongest effect, while Gracilaria debilis showed the lowest. Species of Phaeophyceae generally displayed higher antioxidant capacity compared to the other groups. Antibacterial assays revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 2.5 and 10 mg mL⁻¹, with Halimeda gracilis showing the strongest inhibition. Anticancer evaluation against MCF-7 breast cancer cells demonstrated inhibition ranging from 7.68–90.22%, with H. gracilis and H. macroloba being the most active. Phenolics correlated moderately with anticancer activity (r = 0.56) and weakly with antioxidant activity (r = 0.36), while antioxidant–anticancer correlation was strong (r = 0.76). In conclusion, H. gracilis, C. sertularioides, P. australis, and A. muscoides emerged as promising candidates for further development as natural sources of antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer compounds.

FINE-TUNED EVALUATION OF SELECTED RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FLOURS WITH THE ADDITION OF NATURAL POLYSACCHARIDES

Tatiana Bojnanska — 2026-06-04

As part of the research, the addition of extracts from medicinal mushrooms (Maitake, Shitake, Cordyceps and Reishi), oat β-glucan extract and yeast extract with a high proportion of polysaccharides to composite flours intended for bread preparation was verified, which brings nutritional or economic benefits to this basic food. In composite flours, in which additives of 5%, 10% and 15% were indicated, their rheological behaviour and water absorption were monitored. The addition of medicinal mushroom extracts reduced the water absorption values by up to 25% depending on the amount of the additive, compared to the control. On the contrary, the addition of oat β-glucan extract and yeast extract in water absorption increased by up to 16% and 54%, respectively. Such composite flours are suitable from the point of view of the economy of production of final products, since more loaves of bread can be prepared compared to control flour. The evaluation of rheological properties on the Mixolab 2 device, Chopin technologies, confirmed the non-standard course of the recorded curves. The evaluated parameters expressed by the Mixolab software were compared with the evaluation performed manually using the conventional Farinograph®Brabender method. Due to the non-standard course of the Mixolab curves, the manual evaluation can be considered as an additional interpretation framework that allows a better description of the non-standard behaviour of the curves, accounting for individual variations the emergence of two peaks on the curve. From the point of view of the rheological properties of the doughs and their processability, it is possible to recommend additives containing polysaccharides: medicinal mushroom extracts (Shiitake, maitake, Cordyceps, Reishi), oat β-glucan extract and yeast extract up to 15%, with the exception of maitake extract, for which an addition of up to 10% is acceptable.

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMING WILD EDIBLE MUSHROOMS (M. PROCERA AND C. CIBARIUS) BASED ON TOTAL MERCURY CONTENT

Lenka Demková — 2026-06-26

The consumption of wild edible mushrooms is common in Central Europe; however, their ability to accumulate mercury (Hg) may pose health risks. This study evaluated total mercury content in the caps and stipes of Macrolepiota procera and Cantharellus cibarius collected from 34 localities in Slovakia, including historically contaminated mining areas. In total, 148 mushroom samples and corresponding soil samples were analyzed using AMA-254 analyzer. Soil contamination was assessed using the contamination factor (C_f), while mercury uptake and distribution were evaluated using the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and translocation factor (Q_c/s). Potential health risks were determined using provisional tolerable weekly intake (%PTWI) and target hazard quotient (THQ). Soil mercury concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 7.39 mg·kg^-1, with the highest values recorded in former mining regions. M. procera showed significantly higher mercury levels compared to C. cibarius. In both species, mercury concentrations were higher in caps than in stipes. BAF values confirmed M. procera as a mercury accumulator, whereas C. cibarius exhibited lower accumulation capacity. Health risk assessment revealed that %PTWI frequently exceeded 100% for M. procera, particularly in contaminated areas, and THQ values above 1 indicated potential non-carcinogenic health risks associated with long-term consumption. These findings emphasize the need for monitoring mercury contamination in wild mushrooms and highlight potential risks related to their consumption from environmentally burdened sites.

CHALLENGES IN SPRAY-DRYING HABANERO RED EXTRACT: A PILOT STUDY ON THE MICROENCAPSULATION WITH MALTODEXTRIN AND GUM ARABIC

Hana Ďúranová — 2026-06-01

This study investigated the microencapsulation of Capsicum chinense Jacq. Habanero Red extract (HRE), focusing on the preservation of its bioactive components and physicochemical stability. We analyzed total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA), capsaicinoid levels, and selected polyphenols in both pure and spray-dried form. Microencapsulation was achieved using a blend of maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA) in a 3:2 ratio, with an inlet temperature of 120 °C. Key microencapsulation efficiency parameters were evaluated, including phenolic retention, antioxidant preservation, solids recovery, moisture content (MC), and water activity (a_w) in the microencapsulated powder. Our results showed high phenolic retention (70.37 ± 5.55%) and antioxidant capacity preservation (90.51 ± 0.72%) in the spray-dried HRE powder, even though solids recovery was below 50% (44.46 ± 0.51%). This powder had values for MC (5.50 ± 0.75%) and a_w (0.352 ± 0.004) within the microbiologically stable range. The findings indicate that microencapsulation effectively retains bioactive components, supporting the stability and potential application of HRE in functional food formulations. Essentially, the pilot study generated an initial data focusing on polyphenol and AA preservation under the selected conditions and it can provide a basis for larger-scale or more comprehensive studies utilizing these parameters to enhance the encapsulation efficiency and stability of diverse bioactive compounds.

SCREENING, ISOLATION, AND PROBIOTIC POTENTIAL OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM EGYPTIAN HUMAN AND COW MILKS

Fawzia H. R. Abd Rabo — 2026-07-24

Human and cow milk are recognized as rich sources of beneficial microorganisms that contribute to the development of infant gut microbiota. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate novel lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains from human and cow milk for their probiotic and technological potential. A total of fourteen LAB isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All isolates exhibited high survival rates under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, showed resistance to lysozyme, and demonstrated cholesterol assimilation capacities ranging from 21.35% to 38.50%. Antagonistic activity assays confirmed that all isolates exhibited moderate inhibitory effects against pathogenic bacteria, indicating significant antimicrobial potential. Overall, Enterococcus faecium C₁, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus C₈, Enterococcus mundtii H₂, and Enterococcus hirae H₁₀ possesses desirable probiotic characteristics, including gastrointestinal resilience and pathogen inhibition. These findings highlight their potential application as novel starter or co-cultures in functional dairy products. This study provides a basis for future investigations into LAB strains as probiotic candidates for improving the safety, quality, and health benefits of functional dairy foods.

PHYLOGENY AND CYTOTOXICITY SCREENING OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM CABBAGE KIMCHI SAMPLES

Angelo Jamerodd Padilla — 2026-06-04

Colon cancer is one of the most common and fatal cancers in the Philippines. Anticancer treatments are available but are known to produce serious side effects, showing the need for alternatives, such as those derived from natural sources. This study aimed to identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from cabbage kimchi products sourced from the Philippines and investigate their cytotoxic activities on colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), normal liver epithelial (THLE-3), and normal human neonatal dermal fibroblast (HDFn) cell lines. Phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the isolates as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (six isolates), Limosilactobacillus fermentum (one isolate), and Levilactobacillus brevis (four isolates). Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods revealed close evolutionary associations among all L. plantarum isolates from Kimchi 1, and among all L. brevis isolates from Kimchi 2. At the same time, the different L. plantarum and L. brevis isolates were found to be of different strains based on the differences in their branch lengths. The L. plantarum isolates from K1 were shown to share a closer relationship with L. brevis from K2, while L. fermentum isolated from K1 was shown to be more distantly related to both L. plantarum and L. brevis. The secondary metabolites in the ethyl acetate extracts of the sterile culture supernatants of five LAB isolates were assayed for cytotoxic activities using the resazurin-based PrestoBlue™ reagent. Results showed that all the extracts did not produce an IC₅₀, indicating that these were not cytotoxic to the cell lines tested, in contrast to the positive control, Zeocin, which showed cytotoxicity to the different cell lines. This study provides the first insight into the LAB diversity in cabbage kimchi sourced from the Philippines and suggests the potential for further investigation of other bioactivities of these LAB isolates, particularly given their non-toxicity to the normal human cell lines THLE-3 and HDFn.

MOLECULAR INSIGHTS INTO INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS PATHOGENESIS, HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Kamran Saeed — 2026-06-26

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious avian coronavirus that continues to pose significant economic and biosecurity challenges to the poultry industry worldwide. IBV causes multisystemic infections in poultry affecting the reproductive, respiratory, and renal systems, leading to significant economic losses. The virus demonstrates great genetic variety due to high-frequency mutations and recombination, giving rise to a multitude of variants that complicates disease control efforts. The pathophysiology and clinical relevance of IBV are rooted in its host-specificity, structural characteristics, and immune-evasion pathways. The avian immune system stimulates humoral and cell-mediated immunity in response to a subsequent antigen exposure. In addition to adaptive responses, IBV infection initiates innate immunological responses involving heterophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, cytokines, and complement proteins. Despite the use of live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, IBV outbreaks continue to occur globally underscoring the shortcomings of current immunisation approaches. The evolution of IBV has presented obstacles for vaccine development, which have been addressed via DNA-based, recombinant, subunit, and reverse genetic vaccines. To reduce the burden of IBV, creative vaccination techniques must be designed with a thorough understanding of IBV-host interactions. This review highlights the significance of a thorough understanding of IBV-host interactions and the creation of innovative vaccination techniques to counteract this changing disease by combining the most recent findings.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON METHICILLIN RESISTANCE AND INDUCIBLE CLINDAMYCIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Nikitha Mishra — 2026-07-23

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses an even greater challenge, as its resistance to multiple antibiotics makes infections increasingly difficult to treat. The difficulty in treating MRSA infections has led to a resurgence of interest in alternative antibiotic classes, particularly Macrolide-Lincosamide- Streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics. Hence the present study aims to identify the inducible clindamycin resistance in S. aureus strains and to ascertain the relationship between methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and inducible clindamycin resistance and effectiveness of commonly used antibiotics in such strains. A prospective study was conducted for a period of one year in the department of microbiology, tertiary care teaching hospital after obtaining a Institutional ethics clearance. All the samples from both Out-patients and In-patients received from various clinical departments were processed using standard microbiological procedures. A total of 173 samples showed the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA isolates were identified phenotypically using the cefoxitin disc diffusion method, while inducible clindamycin resistance was assessed using the D-zone test. Chi-square test, Logistic regression analysis will be conducted to identify significant predictors. A decision tree algorithm was applied to explore classification patterns. Among 173 samples screened for the presence of MRSA/MSSA, 24.27% of samples showed the growth of MRSA and 75.72% of samples showed the growth of MSSA. Majority of MRSA strains showed resistance to penicillin antibiotic 95.2% followed by ciprofloxacin 88.09%. Most of the MRSA were sensitive to linezolid 92.8%, cotrimoxazole 88.09% and tetracycline 83.3%. Ten MRSA strains that are known to be positive for constitutive MLSB (cMLSB phenotype) resistance and these strains carry erm genes (most commonly ermA, ermC, or ermB) that confer macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance. 3 isolates were resistant to erythromycin, susceptible to clindamycin, and positive for the D-test, indicating the inducible MLSB (iMLSB) phenotype. The findings should be interpreted considering the absence of molecular confirmation and limited resistant isolate numbers. The rate of inducible clindamycin resistance (iMLSB) detected by the D-test in our isolates was only 6.9%, which is relatively low compared to many reports. This suggests that clindamycin may remain a viable therapeutic option in our setting. However, continued surveillance and routine D-testing are essential to monitor emerging resistance and guide appropriate antibiotic use.

COMPOST AS A RESERVOIR OF BACTERIA WITH BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI

Jana Makova — 2026-07-23

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi lead to significant economic losses in agriculture. Bacteria isolated from compost have been shown to exhibit suppressive activity against these pathogens. The aim of this study was to isolate bacteria from five compost samples differing in origin and physicochemical properties and to evaluate their biocontrol potential. A total of 38 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 12 were selected for further characterization. These isolates were subjected to morphological and biochemical analyses, identified using MALDI-TOF MS, and tested for their ability to produce siderophores and inhibit selected phytopathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium olsonii, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata). Eight isolates demonstrated the ability to produce siderophores. The highest production was observed in isolate 68A-4 (H/G = 44.98 ± 9.66) and Brevundimonas diminuta 512B-6 (H/G = 23.36 ± 2.34). Antifungal assays revealed variable inhibitory effects on mycelial growth. The isolate Serratia sp. 19A-5 exhibited the strongest antifungal activity and showed no statistically significant difference compared to the reference strain Bacillus subtilis QST 713 in inhibiting Penicillium olsonii and Fusarium oxysporum. These results suggest that Serratia sp. 19A-5 represents a promising candidate for compost fortification with enhanced antifungal properties. The use of such beneficial bacteria as biological control agents represents a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, contributing to reduced environmental impact.

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: METAGENOMIC INSIGHTS INTO THE GUT MICROBIOME OF THE INDIAN WILD ASS (Equus hemionus khur)

KOMAL ANTALIYA — 2026-07-24

The Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur), also called the Ghudkhur or Khur, it is a subspecies of the onager native to Southern Asia. The Indian wild ass inhabits the highly saline desert ecosystem of the Little Rann of Kutch (LRK) and its surrounding area in Gujarat, India. The Little Rann of Kutch is characterized by its saline desert environment, which provides a suitable habitat for these animals. It is a very harsh condition to survive in such a polyextreme environment. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall host health and adaptation. Due to the unique adaptation of ass and limited data available on the gut microbiota of the Indian wild ass, this study presents a comprehensive metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome of the Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur), offering novel insights into microbial adaptations in extreme environments. Using 16S rDNA sequencing and advanced bioinformatics, we characterized a diverse microbial community comprising 32 phyla, 58 classes, 130 orders, 253 families, 452 genera, and 627 species. Firmicutes (39.03%), Bacteroidetes (23.24%), and Proteobacteria (13.66%) emerged as the dominant phyla, with a notable presence of halophilic and halotolerant species reflecting adaptations to the saline desert habitat. Functional analysis indicated the Indian wild ass gut microbiome showed diverse metabolic capabilities. Notably, we identified significant potential for plant growth promotion and stress mitigation, suggesting complex host-microbe-environment interactions. The presence of autotrophic microbes (17.1%) and adaptations to various temperatures, highlight the community's resilience in harsh conditions. This study not only enhances our understanding of microbial ecology in extreme environments but also provides insights into host-microbe interactions in endangered species and also presents a valuable resource for biotechnological innovations in environmental management, sustainable agriculture, and industrial enzyme production. The findings open new avenues for research in microbial genetics, metabolism, and systems biology, with potential implications for conservation microbiology and the study of microbial adaptations to environmental stressors.

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CITRUS SINENSIS FRUIT PEELS TARGETING GYRASE B PROTEIN: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING AND IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Kandasami Duraisamy — 2026-06-26

Citrus sinensis fruit peel, commonly regarded as agricultural waste, represents a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals with potential antibacterial applications. In this study, an integrated computational and experimental approach was employed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of C. sinensis peel extracts. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosteroids, terpenoids, quinones, and glycosides, while saponins were confined to methanolic and ethanolic extracts. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) examination of the methanolic extract identified sixteen bioactive compounds. In silico ADME profiling showed that all compounds complied with Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Molecular docking against bacterial Gyrase B proteins (PDB IDs: 4URN and 1KZN) demonstrated strong binding energies, particularly for 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one against the Gram-positive (G^+ve) target (−5.5 kcal/mol) and (+)-limonene against the Gram-negative (G^-ve) target (−5.8 kcal/mol). The Methanol Extract of Citrus sinensis fruit peel (ME-CSFP) exhibited a concentration-dependent Antibacterial (AB) effect (30–100 µl). Greater inhibitory activity was observed against B. subtilis (6.0 ± 1.0 to 9.0 ± 1.2 mm) and S. aureus (5.0 ± 1.0 to 10.0 ± 1.0 mm), whereas comparatively lower susceptibility was noted in E. coli (4.33 ± 0.58 to 6.67 ± 2.52 mm) and K. pneumoniae (5.0 ± 1.0 to 6.67 ± 1.53 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of orange peel extract demonstrated stronger antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus 31.2 µg/ml; Bacillus subtilis 62.5 µg/ml) than against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 250 µg/ml; Klebsiella pneumoniae 250 µg/ml). Overall, this study highlights the significant role of computational biology in prioritizing bioactive compounds and demonstrates that Citrus sinensis peel can serve as a promising, sustainable source and support its potential valorization in drug discovery.

ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF METAL IONS IN METALLO-ORGANIC COMPLEX STRUCTURES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Akhilesh Mishra — 2026-07-23

The world is facing an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches to combat the rapidly growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The antibacterial activity exhibited by metal ions and their coordination compounds is of significant interest with multi-target mechanisms which are fundamentally different from the classic organic antibiotics and hence with less potential for resistance to develop. This review covers the historical applications of metal ions from ancient times till today in metallo-organic complex structures, the mechanism of their bactericidal/bacteriostatic activities, structural requirements for biological activity and their recent clinical and preclinical applications. Special emphasis is placed on the coordination chemistry of biologically active metals, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), ruthenium (Ru) and gold (Au) as well as the role of organic ligands in modulating pharmacological profiles. Emerging strategies such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), nanoparticulate systems and synergistic metal-antibiotic conjugates are discussed in the context of pipeline development. A novel comparative synthesis across key metal ion classes is provided and a systematic assessment of clinical readiness is presented to guide rational lead selection. Collectively, the evidence reviewed here positions metallo-organic complexes as highly promising candidates in the post-antibiotic era.

POST-PASTEURIZATION PERSISTENCE OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT BACILLUS CEREUS IN THE DAIRY CHAIN

Passant Elhenawy — 2026-06-26

Milk is a crucial global food source, yet raw milk serves as vehicle for foodborne pathogens, including spore-forming bacteria that challenge thermal processing. The effectiveness of standard batch pasteurization (63°C/30 min) against the public health risk posed by Bacillus cereus in raw milk from diverse Egyptian sources remains ambiguous. Fifty raw milk samples from farms, shops, smallholders, and street vendors were analyzed pre- and post-laboratory pasteurization for physicochemical quality and microbial load. Surviving B. cereus isolates (N=11) were characterized by five enterotoxin genes and their resistance to ten antibiotics. The findings revealed significant differences in the chemical composition within raw milk samples, where milk from dairy farms and small holdings exhibiting higher fat and protein levels compared to milk from street vendors and dairy shops. Street vendors' milk showed the poorest physicochemical quality, with the highest levels of added water (8.8%) and the highest microbial contamination, including a significantly higher B. cereus count (0.8 ± 0.3 log₁₀ CFU/mL). Pasteurization effectively lowered aerobic plate counts by 99.99% and eliminated coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae but was completely ineffective against aerobic spores and B. cereus counts, which remained unchanged. Genotypic profiling of the B. cereus isolates (N=11) revealed a high prevalence of enterotoxin genes, primarily nhe (81.8%) and bceT (72.7%). Furthermore, these isolates showed high resistance to penicillin (100%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (90.9%), and cefoxitin (81.8%). The study concludes that pasteurization alone is insufficient to eliminate the critical public health risk posed by virulent and multi-drug resistant B. cereus in raw milk, underscoring a critical need for improved pre-processing hygiene and alternative control strategies.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTION AND METABOLIC PROFILING OF SEED ENDOPHYTIC BACILLUS CEREUS STRAIN JCM 2152 AGAINST TOXIGENIC ASPERGILLUS SPECIES FROM MAIZE

Olufemi Sotayo — 2026-07-23

Contamination of maize grains with aflatoxigenic genus Aspergillus negatively impacts public health, food security, and postharvest storage. Biological control (BC) of molds is becoming more popular. Regardless, invitro validation of BC agents’ efficiency is crucial to successful postharvest deployment. This study investigated antifungal action of an endophytic Bacillus cereus against four Aspergillus strains, and its metabolic profiling. Decontaminated apple seeds and maize grains were blended, and plated on mannitol egg yolk polymyxin B agar, and potato dextrose agar for Bacillus and Aspergillus strains isolation respectively. Molecular identification of isolates was done. A 72 h Bacillus cell-free extract dilutions (undiluted, 1:10, and 1:1000), were used in agar well antifungal susceptibility test against three Aspergillus species, and aflatoxigenic A. flavus ATCC 22546. Nystatin was positive control, and incubation done at 28 °C. AST was repeated at pH 6, 8 and 9, and zones of inhibition were measured (mm). Minimum inhiibitiory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration was done. Enzyme assay and GCMS scan of CFE, and ZOI agar blocks were done for A. flavus ATCC 22546 and an A. flavus. B. cereus strain JCM 2152, and A. flavus isolate K₁, A. flavus isolate W₅ and A. fumigatus strain 3162953 were confirmed. The 1:10 dilution produced widest ZOI, and A. flavus isolate W₅ susceptibility was significant at 30.00 ± 2.50 mm. Also, pH and ZOI correlated. MIC ranged 1:8 – 1:256, and was fungistatic. Hexadecanoic acid, 4-methyl-3-pent-2-one, and extracellular enzymes were detected. A. flavus isolate W₅ was significantly susceptible to enzymes. Possible synergistic inhibition was the mechanism of inhibition, and preliminary features required of a BC for postharvest trial were affirmed for B. cereus strain JCM 2152.

ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL, PHYTOTOXIC AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF ENDOPHYTIC AND SAPROTROPHIC PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM THOM STRAINS

Yurieva Olena — 2026-06-04

Fungi of the genus Penicillium provide an almost inexhaustible source of biologically active metabolites with a wide range of activities due to their physiological and biochemical features. Penicillium funiculosum Thom can adopt various lifestyles, ranging from soil saprotrophs and endophytic mutualists. P. funiculosum represent a resource for the discovery of new biologically active molecules and biocatalysts. The aim of the research was to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and phytotoxic activities of endophytic and saprotrophic P. funiculosum strains. Methods. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of P. funiculosum strains were determined using the agar well diffusion method. Antiviral activity was tested in vitro using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, strain U1) model. Phytotoxic effects were assessed using corn seedlings test and the bioassay method for Chlorella. Results. Saprotrophic P. funiculosum strains demonstrated a high level of antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria, the growth inhibition zones were 15 to 45 mm. Endophytes had selective antibacterial activity against these test cultures. The absence antifungal activity of all investigated P. funiculosum strains was shown. Saprotrophic strains inhibiting the growth of corn roots and sprouts by 4–61%, while endophytic strains proved to be non-phytotoxic. Endophytic and saprotrophic strains expressed the anti-viral activity against TMV. Conclusion. The biological activities of endophytic and saprotrophic P. funiculosum strains indicate significant differences between these two ecological-trophic groups. The differences in certain physiological and biochemical characteristics of these two groups of strains and suggest that these traits may serve as markers for their differentiation.

CROP RESIDUE TYPE AND WETTING AGENTS SHAPE SOIL NUTRIENT TRANSFORMATION AND MICROBIAL FUNCTION DURING DECOMPOSITION

Jiří Holátko — 2026-07-24

A 19-week pot study with unplanted arable topsoil evaluated the decomposition of six incorporated cover crop biomasses such as Egyptian clover, pea, phacelia, sunflower, safflower, and white mustard. The biomasses were pre-rinsed with water (control) or with two non-ionic wetting agents including Mero 33528 (rapeseed fatty acid methyl esters + tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate) and Trend^® 90 (isodecyl alcohol ethoxylate). Mass loss of biomasses was significant, ranging from ~90% (safflower) to ~60% (sunflower, white mustard). Wetting agents did not systematically enhance the decomposition but redirected the microbial functioning. Mero consistently enhanced enzyme activities, increased total soil N, and lowered microbial C-limitation indices. By contrast, Trend^® 90 dampened the enzymatic activity and exerted neutral or negative effects on N cycling and stoichiometric indicators. Both agents reduced bacterial biomass compared to water-rinsed residues, while fungal responses were crop-dependent, consistent with soil C gains observed under Mero. Despite the primary hypothesis, not the wetting agents but the residue quality (C:N ratio) was the primary driver of decomposition efficiency, while wetting agent chemistry modified microbial pathways without materially altering the bulk mass loss.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL CHANGES IN SKIPJACK TUNA (Katsuwonus pelamis) VISCERA DURING SALT FERMENTATION

Jennifer Noveda — 2026-06-05

Tuna viscera is often regarded as waste by many canning industries around the globe. However, it also represents a potential source of various proteinases that can enhance fish fermentation. Salt-fermented fish viscera locally known as dayok, is a traditional fermented food popular in Mindanao, Philippines. This study aimed to investigate the changes in physicochemical properties and microbial populations of salt-fermented skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera over a 150-day fermentation period. The skipjack tuna viscera primarily consisted of 76.42% moisture, 17.27% protein, 3.64% lipid, and 1.37% ash. Results showed that during the salt fermentation of tuna viscera, pH decreased to 5.71, while titratable acidity (TA) and degree of hydrolysis (DH) increased to 1.64% and 69.60%, respectively. Salt concentration remained stable ranging from 28.10% - 30.28% (w/w) throughout the fermentation period, eliciting a preservative effect. Changes in microbial population revealed a decline in the total viable count to 1.36 log CFU.g^-1 at the later stages of fermentation, and an increase in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count to 2.32 log CFU.g^-1 during the early stages of fermentation. The dominant bacteria identified belonged to the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus, potentially affecting the physicochemical and microbial properties of the salt-fermented tuna viscera. The most abundant bacterial genera may have contributed to the enhancement of flavor and aroma of the final product. This study will lay a foundation for standard tuna viscera fermentation systems and quality improvement of fish paste and fish sauce made from tuna viscera.

METABOLOMIC AND IONOMIC STATUS OF HERBIVOROUS, CARNIVOROUS, AND OMNIVOROUS FISHES IN VELLAR ESTUARY, INDIA

Pazhanivel Gowthami — 2026-06-05

This study investigated trophic-related variations in biochemical composition and elemental profiles of six estuarine fish species using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fish representing herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous feeding habits were analyzed using liver tissue to assess metabolic fingerprints and mineral content. FT-IR analysis revealed clear differences in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates among trophic groups, with significant species-specific variation confirmed by principal component analysis and one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Carnivorous species exhibited relatively higher protein and lipid signatures, whereas herbivorous species showed lower protein content and distinct carbohydrate-associated bands. Omnivorous species displayed intermediate metabolic profiles, reflecting dietary flexibility. ICP-OES results indicated that potassium and magnesium were the predominant elements across all species, while cadmium was consistently detected at minimal levels. Elevated accumulation of certain trace metals in carnivorous species suggests trophic transfer and potential implications for food safety.

The findings highlight the potential of FT-IR–based metabolic fingerprinting coupled with elemental analysis for food quality assessment, traceability, and safety evaluation of aquatic food resources.

A COMPREHENSIVE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BENGAL AMLOKI (PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA L.) TOWARDS ITS MEDICINAL POTENTIAL

Chandan Kumar Acharya — 2026-06-03

The present investigation offers a novel approach by scientifically revalidating traditional beliefs surrounding the medicinal value of Bengal amloki (Phyllanthus emblica L.) through comprehensive physicochemical, spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses. This study aimed to determine the bioactive potential and establish traditional beliefs within the framework of scientific interpretation, and to characterize the physicochemical and spectroscopic properties of the fruits of Bengal amloki. The fruits' chemical analysis was done to assess their bioactive potential as a source of alternative medicine and their ability to treat ailments. The nutritious fruits of Bengal amloki (also known as amla or Indian gooseberry) revealed C, H, O and N contents of 48.773±0.211%, 4.858±0.222%, 42.411±0.447% and 1.844±0.057%, respectively. Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results, strong bonds between C-O, O-H, N-H, O=C=O, C-H, and O-H molecules supported the presence of primary alcohol, carboxylic acid, alkene, carbon dioxide, alkane and phenol, respectively. Several significant bioactive phyto-constituents have also been detected by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening, whose bioactivities are believed to be useful in the management of various disorders. The results showed that biomass with high fixed carbon (FC), high volatile matter (VM) and low Compositional analysis (CA) had the best efficiency, antioxidant properties, and potential for converting energy.

PHYTO SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF MICONIA CRENATA LEAF, AND ITS STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Devadarshini Jothiramalingam — 2026-06-04

Utilizing Miconia crenata leaf aqueous extract as a bio-capping agent, the current study establishes an easy, sustainable process for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). We investigated the possible activities of M. crenata leaf extract in converting silver ions. The UV demonstrated Surface Plasmon Resonance of Ag NPs, with a visible absorption peak at 400–410 nm and a band gap energy of 3.2 eV. The functional groups of silver oxide are correlated with the peaks found in the FT-IR spectrum, which range from 469.92 to 686.66 cm⁻¹. Using diffractogram sizes at 37.1°, 43.4°, 65.1°, and 76.8°, XRD spectra were used to identify the production of crystalline Ag Nps. SEM revealed a spherical nature with a diameter of 17.58 nm. The presence of elemental Ag was confirmed by EDX analysis, which showed a high absorption peak at 3 keV. The purity level of elemental silver was 30.24%, whereas that of Ag was 79.56%. Significant antibacterial activity was observed against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus at 60 µg/mL. Similarly, antifungal activity against Candida albicans and MIC was observed at 40 µg/mL with a 1.2mm, respectively. Ag NPs mediated by M. crenata showed an IC₅₀ value of 104 µg/mL and 95.90% scavenging activity at 200 µg/mL concentration. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of Ag NPs was demonstrated by protein denaturation at the IC₅₀ of 268.81 µg/mL. Additionally, the anti-arthritis activity decreased with increasing concentration. These studies revealed that M. crenata-derived Ag NPs contribute to the scientific knowledge of novel antimicrobial agents that combat drug-resistant microorganisms.

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF A MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION STRATEGY FOR OPTIMUM EXTRACTION OF PHENOLICS FROM FICUS RACEMOSA FRUITS

Anup Kumar Das — 2026-07-27

Polyphenolic compounds provide numerous benefits to cells, not just through their antioxidant properties but also by influencing various signaling pathways. The fruits of Ficus racemosa are recognized for containing valuable phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and ellagic acid; however, they have largely been overlooked, primarily being used for animal feed and ceremonial purposes in northeastern India. This study outlines an energy efficient approach to extract a phenolic-rich fraction from this underutilized wild fruit by employing modern green extraction techniques with less carbon foot print. To achieve this, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), an automated green extraction method, was utilized to efficiently extract the phenolic-rich fraction from Ficus racemosa fruits, supported by multivariate statistical optimization tools. The significant parameters with optimal values obtained from optimization study were microwave power (457 Watts), extraction time (12.20 min) and ethanol concentration (61.0% v/v). The total phenolic content (TPC) and IC₅₀ values (Antioxidant potential) as obtained from optimization design were 69.43 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) / g DM and 211.32 μg /ml respectively under optimal conditions. Validation experiments confirmed reproducibility of the optimized conditions, with 95% confidence intervals of 68.02–69.04 mg GAE/g DW for TPC and 211.26–216.54 µg/ml for IC₅₀, thereby strengthening confidence in the optimization outcome. MAE was found to be approximately 50 % and 120 % more efficient than ultrasound and Soxhlet extraction respectively. MAE was found to be more energy efficient in extracting out phenolics with less electrical consumption and carbon emission into the environment in comparison to other techniques. Thus, MAE showed obvious advantages over conventional extraction techniques in terms of better extraction efficiency, reduced extraction time and environment effect.

EFFECT OF CORNUS MAS L. (CORNELIAN CHERRY) ADMINISTRATION ON THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN DIABETIC FATTY RATS

Júlia Chvojková — 2026-06-03

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are chronic metabolic disorders with widespread effects on physiological functions, including reproduction. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Cornus mas L. (Cornelian cherry) administration on the microscopic structure of testes and epididymides in obese rats. Fifty male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used in a three-month experiment. Experimental groups received varying doses and forms of C. mas (pulp, stone, or both) administered orally via gastric probe. Morphometric and histological analyses were performed on testicular and epididymal tissues, followed by statistical evaluation of structural parameters. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed in seminiferous epithelial and interstitial area proportions, while spermatogenic cell counts showed higher mean values in group receiving a dose of 500 + 250 mg/kg of pulp and stone combination without statistically significant differences. The epididymal lumen width increased and epithelial height decreased, although these changes were not statistically significant. The results indicate that Cornus mas induces dose-dependent structural changes in testicular histoarchitecture in obese rats. These findings suggest a modulatory effect on reproductive tissue under metabolic stress conditions.