MACRO AND NANO ECBALLIUM ELATERIUM IN VITRO ACTIVITY AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT SALMONELLA TYPHI WITH GENETIC DETECTION AND SEQUENCING

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella typhi is involved in a number of illnesses such as typhoid fever. This research sought to recognize and quantify Salmonella typhi in clinical stool samples by serotyping, with detection and sequencing of blaCMY-2 gene in charge of cephalosporin resistance, DHFR gene responsible for sulfonamide resistance and acrB and rplD genes responsible for macrolide resistance and use of Ecballium elaterium nanoparticles as an all-natural remedy for MDR S. typhi strains. S. typhi was discovered in 76/113 (67.25%) of the collected specimens. 41/76 samples were multidrug-resistant. However, men were likely more prone to infection than women. The findings showed that 95.12% of S. typhi isolates harbored the blaCMY-2 gene, 92.68% harbored the DHFR gene, 48.78% harbored the acrB gene, and 85.36% harbored the rpID gene while 31.70% of them harbored the four genes. Agreement of the four genes sequences showed mutations ranging between deletion, insertion, transversion, and inversion mutations. GC-MS illustrated that the Biochanin B compound was the most popular component, with a percentage of 19.31% in E. elaterium essential oil. 10mg/ml of E. elaterium nanoparticles were found to be the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). E. elaterium nanoparticles damaged the cell wall, nuclear material, and cytoplasmic structures of MDR S. typhi. Moreover, they had a more significant cell viability effect on human gastric epithelial cell line (GESI) than chloramphenicol drug. The IC50 of E. elaterium nanoparticles was 1230.05±72.9ug/ml, and the chloramphenicol drug was 73.6924±4.05ug/ml, showing that chloramphenicol was more cytotoxic on GES1 normal cells than E. elaterium nanoparticles. E. elaterium nanoparticles have high effect against MDR S. typhi and more safe than using chloramphenicol drug.