HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC): PRINCIPLE, APPLICATIONS, AND THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – A REVIEW

Abstract

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a versatile and powerful analytical technique widely employed to separate, detect, and quantify components of complex mixtures with high precision and accuracy. Rooted in the fundamental principles of chromatography, HPLC operates by exploiting the differential interactions of analytes with stationary and mobile phases, enabling efficient resolution of diverse chemical compounds. This review presents a comprehensive overview of HPLC, elaborating on its fundamental principles, also emphasizes HPLC’s extensive applications across multiple fields, particularly in pharmaceuticals for drug analysis, in food safety for contaminant detection, Protein purification and in environmental monitoring for pollutant assessment. Additionally, it discusses recent advancements that have enhanced HPLC performance, including innovations in column design, detection technologies, and automation, as well as the integration of Artificial intelligence (AI) for improved analytical efficiency. The review concludes by highlighting current limitations and offering a holistic perspective on HPLC’s continued significance in research and industrial applications.